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THE AMERICAN 
ESPERANTO BOOK 


A COMPENDIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL 
LANGUAGE 


ESPERANTO 


COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
ARTHUR BAKER, A. E. A., EDITOR OF “AMERIKA 
ESPERANTISTO,"* CHICAGO 


APPEAL TO REASON 
GIRARD - KANSAS 
1907 





Copyright, 1907, by Arthur 


All Rights Reserved 





PRESS OF 


Ir HIGGINS 
CHICAGO 


JOON 





PREFACE 


The purpose of Esperanto is to be a second 
language for those persons who have relations with 
people whose native languages they do not know. 
This great need of humanity Esperanto supplies. 
By a few weeks of study, even without the aid of 
a teacher, one can qualify himself for conversation 
and correspondence with all the other Esperantists 
of the world, whatever their nationality. Their 
number is increasing by hundreds of thousands 
each year. These facts being established beyond 
doubt, it would be conferring an undeserved dignity 
upon those who oppose the language to reply to 
their arguments. ‘“‘It has an artificial sound’’— 
so has the voice in the telephone. ‘‘It is not art- 
istic’’—neither is a steam locomotive. The wseful- 
ness of Esperanto is so thoroughly established that 
the discussion of its artistic merits may well be 
dismissed, with perhaps the- observation that the 
language is frequently mistaken by the uninitiated 
for Italian or Spanish, popularly supposed to be 
the most musical of languages. 

The aim of this book is to provide, in one vol- 
ume, the means of acquiring a thorough, practical 
knowledge of Esperanto. As suggested by its 
title, the contents are especially adapted to the 


= Bs 
American student, due regard being paid to the 


Americanisms of our language. 


Sources of Authority 


This volume is based upon the Zksercaro, by 


Dr. Zamenhof. All the exercises are taken from 
it and are therefore absolutely authoritative. The 
notes and translations, with the discussion of the 
grammar, while containing much original work, 
ire also indebted to the following sources: The 
Standard Course of Esperanto, by George W. Bul- 
len, F. B. E. A.; Esperanta Sintakso, by Sro. Paul 
Fruictier; Grammar and Commentary, by Major- 
General George Cox. The Esperanto-English 
vocabulary is compiled from the second edition of 
the Esperanto-English Dictionary, by A. Motteau, 
and Worterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch, by Hermann 
Jurgensen, the latter volume being preferred where 
the two are not.in concord. Supplementing these, 
the English-Esperanto Dictionary, by J. C. O’Con- 
nor and C. F. Hayes, is drawn upon for the matter 
contained in the English-Esperanto vocabulary. 


How to Study 


Read carefully the first part of the book, pages 
7 to 76 inclusive. It is by no means desirable to 
attempt to assimilate everything set forth in these 
pages at once, but the student who has forgotten 
much of English grammar will find his memory 
refreshed, and the person who has considered him- 





4» 


self a good grammarian will find that Esperanto 
may widen his knowledge of the subject. 

Upon finishing this matter, return to page 7, 
and commit to memory the sounds of the Esperanto 
letters described on this and the four succeeding 
pages. Then take up, in their order, the exercises. 
Having finished these and memorized all the words 
contained in them, you will be able to read readily 
any ordinary correspondence and literature in the 
language. This book being a modest compendium 
of Esperanto material, it has seemed necessary to 
include in the Esperanto-English vocabulary many 
unusual words and technical terms, and the wise 
student will not attempt to burden his memory 
with such as are outside his own needs and uses. 

You may put your knowledge of Esperanto to 
immediate practical use in reading, or in correspon- 
dence for any purpose whatever, with persons in 
any part of the world. Addresses may be obtained 
on réquest (with stamp), from Amerika Esperantisto, 
Chicago. 


CONTENTS 


Alphabet 6 = sR 
Rules of the Grammar - : oA ere 
The Article - - - - ° _* 19 : 
The Substantive oS oe) 2 
The Adjective - - : : tg 24 





Pronouns - - - . -— = 26 
The Verb - : . . - a2 oe 
The Participle - - : = ay Ae 37 
The Adverb - - . . Fi r 41 
The Preposition - : = eae . 47 
The Conjunction - . ° ‘ 2 59 
The Interjection - - . . é 61 
The Numerals’ - - - - . ‘ 63 
Prefixes and Suffixes - - «. yh 65 
Correlative Words” - - . - 3 70 
Capitals and Punctuation “ . tes 
Order of Words - : « ‘ 2 75 
Foreign Names - . - - P 76 
Exercises - - ‘ - : aie a7 
Correspondence : - ° . - 4380 
La Esperantismo - - ° - 184 
VOCABULARIES 
Esperanto-English Vocabulary - - 3 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary - = - 77 


THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK 


THE ALPHABET 


The alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters, 
each representing one sound only: 


Aa, Bb, Cc, Gé, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, G2, Hh, Hh, 
li, Jj, Ji, Kk, L1, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss,S§8, - 
Tt, Uu, Ui, Vv, Zz. 


The Names of the Letters A, E, I, O, U 
(vowels) are the sounds, and those of the conson- 
ants are formed by adding the Esperanto noun 
ending: b 40, c ¢so, @ cho, d do, f fo, g go, & so, 
h ho, h hho, j yo, j sho, k ko, 1 lo, m mo, n no, p po, 
r ro, S so, 8 sho, t toe, U wo, V VO, Z Zo. 


SOUNDS 


The sound given each letter is the same as in 
English, with the following exceptions: 

A is like @ in father. 

C is like zs in hazs. 

€ is like ch in chop. 

E is like a in fate (but not so long). 

G is like g in go. 

G is like 7 in joy, or g in George. 

H is like ch in /och (See explanation). 

I is like ¢e in see. 


8 The American Esperanto Book 


J is like y in yet. 

J is like z in seizure. 
O is like a in rolZ. 
S is like s in sa. 

S is like sh in show. 
U is like oo in soon. 
U is like w in how. 
Z is like z in zone. 


It will be observed that the letters bearing the gn * 
are pronounced ch, gh, hh, jh, sh. Printers unable to pro- 
cure the special type may substitute these forms. 


The Esperanto E is a matter of difficulty to 
writers of text-books, as there is no English vowel 
sound which exactly represents it. Authorities 
agree that it is approximately half-way between our 
ein men and ain-fate. Inasmuch as ej exactly 
duplicates the English @ in /fafe, it is considered 
best to advise the student to pronounce e like our 
long a, but to cut it short. Still, if pronounced 
long, it cannot possibly be misunderstood except 
in two or three words; e. g. veno, vejno. 


Trill the R.—While not listed as an exception 
r is pronounced with the trill usually regarded as 
an affectation in America, but used by most of 
Europeans. Copy the rrr of your German, French 
or Bohemian friends. ; 


O in Esperanto is not exactly as in English. 
Beginners should pronounce itas in vote, roll, etc., 
shortening the sound as much as possible. 


| <hr 


The American Esperanto Book 9 


-”~ 
J has the sound of s as in pleasure, measure, 
leisure, treasure, OY 2 im Seizure, azure. 


J is classed as a consonant, and the sound is 
always blended with the preceding vowel in forming 
the plurals, oj, ojn, aj, ajn, uj, ujn, and its addition 
to the vowel ending of a word never changes the 
position of the accent: Plumo, s/oo’-mo; plumoj, 
ploo'-moy; plumojn, /oo'-moyn; granda, grahn'-dah; 
grandaj, grahn'-dat (ai as in aisle or as Zin file); 
grandajn, grahn'-dine; tiu, tee'-00; tiuj, tee’-ooy; 
tiujn, ¢ee’-ooyn; plej, play. . 


OJ, Pronounced “oy,” is not an-inconsistency, 
as many superficial students suppose, nor is aj 
when given the sound of long #.. If you doubt this, 
pronounce of yes and ah yes véry quickly and you 
will observe that perfect diphthongs result. 


U is a consonant, and is used after a and.e to 
form the diphthongs aii and et. The sound of the 
letter is like win English, and sometimes puzzles 
' beginners, who think that they have discovered an 
exception to the rule that Esperanto letters have 
each one invariable sound. 


AU has the sound of ow in how, cow, plow. 


EU has a sound which may be approximated by 
a quick pronunciation of ehoo or ayoo, eliminating 
most of the oo vowel sound. A still better practice 





10 The American Esperanto Book 


combination is ew as in pronouncing very quickly 
the words eh Willie. This combination never makes 
two syllables: etiropano is pronounced ehw-ro-pa- 
no, not ¢h-00-ro-pa-no. 


H presents some difficulty to English-speaking 
people. It is a strong gutteral aspirate, produced 
from a position lower in the throat than any English 
sound. It is used in several European languages, 
but if the student has not heard it he may approxi- 
mate it by pronouncing it4AH. Fortunately, the 
letter is seldom used. 


Combinations such as kv, kn, gv, 8v, 8t, 8m, 
etc., are also unfamiliar to one who speaks only 
English, but present little difficulty, although one 
must remember that no letters are ever silent. The 
combination sc is no more difficult than many in our 
native language, except that we must not slur it, 
but bring out each detail: sés. 


Especial attention is directed to two other 
combinations: In pronouncing lingvo, and almost 
every word in which n is followed by g, the inclin- 
ation of the beginner is to sound the ng as in Eng- 
lish. Such words are /een-gvo, feen-gro, etc. The 
kz in ek-zi-li and similar words is pronounced as 
written, and should not be given the sound of gz 
as found in exempt, example, etc. 


Accent.—The tonic or principal accent is on 


The American Esperanto Book II 


the syllable next to the last, no matter now many 
syllables the word may contain; do-mo; ée-va-lo; 
ak-ci-gz-tro; ad-min-is-tran-/a-ro. The secondary 
accents are placed where euphony, or good sound, 
demands, with due respect to derivation. The 
latter consideration is important in compounding 
words. For example: juvelo, a sewe/; kesto, case; 
juvelkesto would require the secondary accent on 
the second syllable, or at least this should sound 
as strongly as the first. 


A syllable is necessary for every vowel, no 
matter how many come together; there are no 
double vowels in Esperanto: traire, ¢ra-z-re; boao, 
b0-a-o; metiisto, me-ti-ist-o; treege, ¢re-eg-c; zool- 
Ogio, 20-0-lo-gi-o. 


ie ES 


& 


12 The American Esperanto Book Y Ye 


RULES OF THE GRAMMAR 


[The paragraphs in Esperantoare the Sixteen Rules given 
by Zamenhof, a part of the Fundamento de Esperanto. The 
accompanying English paragraphs are a translation]. : 

I 

The Article.—There is no indefinite article; 
there is only a definite article, la, alike for all sexes, 
cases and numbers. 


Remark.—The use of the article is the same 
as in other languages. Those persons to whom 
the use of the article presents a difficulty may at 
first not use it at all. 


Artikolo nedifinita ne ekzistas; ekzistas nur 
artikolo difinita (/a2), egala por Giuj seksoj, 
kazoj kaj nombroj. 

Rimarko.—La uzado de la artikolo estas tia 
sama kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. La personoj, por 


kiuj la uzado de la artikolo prezentas malfacil- 
ajojn, povas en la unua tempo tute ne @in uzi. 


II 
The Substantive.—Substantives have the end- 
ing 0. For the formation of the plural we add the 
ending j. There are only two cases—nominative 
and accusative*; the latter is obtained from the 


“Accusative, in English grammar, is termed objective. 


The American Esperanto Book 13 


nominative by the addition of the termination n. 
The other cases are expressed by the help of prep- 
ositions (the genitive” by de, the dative® by al, the 
ablative’ by per or other prepositions according to 
the meaning). 


La substantivoj havas la finigZon eo. Por la 
formado de la multenombro oni aldonas la fin- 
igon 7, Kazoj ekzistas nur du: nominativo kaj 
akuzativo; la lasta estas ricevata el la nomina- 
tivo per la aldono de la finigo x. La ceteraj 
kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj 
(la genitivo per de, la dativo per a/, la ablativo 
per ger ati aliaj prepozicioj.lai la senco). 


III 
The Adjective.—The adjective ends in a. Cases 
and numbers as with the substantive. The com- 
parative is made by means of the word pli, the 
superlative by plej; with the comparative the con- 
junction ol is used. 


La adjektivo finigas pera. Kazoj kaj nom- 
broj kiel @e la substantivo. La komparativo 
estas farata per la vorto s//, la superlativo per 
plej; Ee la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion 
ol, 

IV 
The Numerals.—The cardinal numerals (they 


‘In English grammar, fossessive. 
*These cases do not exist in English. 


14 The American Esperanto Book 


are not declined) are: Unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, 
ses, sep, ok, nati, dek, cent, mil. The tens and 
hundreds are formed by the simple joining of the 
numerals. For the signification of the ordinal 


numerals, we add the ending of the adjective; for _ 


the multiples—the suffix -obl; for the fractionals— 
-on; for the collectives, -op; for the distributives— 
the word po. Besides that, substantival and ad- 
verbial numerals can be used. 


La numeraloj fundamentaj (ne estas deklin- 
aciataj) estas unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, oh, 
nau, dek, cent, mil. La dekoj kaj centoj estas for- 
mataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Porla 
signado de la numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la 
finigZon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj—la 
sufikson -o4/, por la nombronaj—-on, por la 
kolektaj—-of, por la disdividaj—la vorton foe. 
Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substan. 
tivaj kaj adverbaj. 


Vv 
The Pronouns.—Personal pronouns: mi, vi, 
li, 8i, 2i (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi, 
ili, oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the 
addition of the adjective ending. Declension is as 
with the substantives. 


Pronomoj personaj: mi, vi, li, $i, £i (pri ob- 


jekto ati besto), sz, ni, vi, ili, ont; la pronomoj 
posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la finigo 


The American Esperanto Book 15 


adjektiva. La deklinacio estas kiel @e la sub- 
stantivoj. 


vi 


The Verb.—The verb is not changed in person 
or number. Forms of the verb: the present tense 
takes the ending -as; the past tense, -is; the future 
tense, -os; the conditional mode, -us; the imperative 
mode, -u; the infinitive mode, -i. Participles (with 
an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present, 
-ant; active past, -int; active future, -ont; passive 
present, -at; passive past, -it ; passive future, -ot. 
All forms of the passive are formed by the help of 
a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive 
participle of the required verb; the preposition with 
the passive is de. 


La verbo ne estas SanfZata lati personoj nek 
nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta 
akceptas la finigon -as; la tempo estinta -zs; la 
tempo estonta -os; la modo kondiéa -us; la 
modo ordona -w; la modo sendifina 7; Partici- 
poj (kun senco adjektiva ati adverba): aktiva 
estanta -av/; aktiva estinta -7z/; aktiva estonta 
-ont; pasiva estanta, -a/; pasiva estinta, -7/; 
pasiva estonta, -o/. Ciuj formoj de la pasiva 
estas formataj per helpo de responda formo 
de la verbo es¢i kaj participo pasiva de la bezo- 
nata verbo; la prepozicio ée la pasivo estas de, 


16 The American Esperanto Book 


vil 


The Adverb.—Adverbs end in e; degrees of 
comparison as with the adjective. 


La adverboj finigas per ¢; gradoj de kom- 
parado kiel €e la adjektivoj. 


VII 
Nominative with Prepositions.—All preposi- 
tions require the nominative. 


Ciuj prepozicioj postulas la nominativon. 


Ix 
Pronunciation.—Every word is read as it is 
written. 


Ciu vorto estas legata, kiel 2i estas skribita. 


x 
Accent.—The accent is always on the penulti- 
mate (next to the last) syllable. 
La akcento estas @iam sur la antailasta 
silabo. 
XI 
Compound Words.—Compound words are 
formed by the simple joining of words (the princi- 
pal word stands at the end); the grammatical end- 
ings are also regarded as independent words. 


Vortoj kunmetitaj estas formataj per simpla 
kunigo de la vortoj (la @efa vorto staras en la 


The American Esperanto Book 17 


fino); la gramatikaj finigoj estas rigardataj 
ankati kiel memstaraj vortoj. 


XII 
Negation.—With another negative word the 
word ne is omitted. 


Ge alia nea vorto la vorto ze estas forlasata. © 


XIII 


Direction.—In order to show direction, words 
take the ending of the accusative. 


Por montri direkton, la vortoj ricevas la 
finigon de la akuzativo. — 


XIV 

The Preposition Je.—Every preposition has a 
definite and constant meaning; but if we have to 
use a preposition and the direct sense does not 
show us what special preposition we ought to take, 
then we use the preposition je, which has no inde- 
pendent meaning. Instead of the preposition je 
we can also use the accusative without a preposi- 
tion. 


Ciu prepozicio havas difinitan kaj konstan- 
tan signifon; sedse ni devas uziian prepozicion 
kaj la rekta senco ne montras al ni, kian nome 
prepozicion ni devas preni, tiam ni uzas 
la prepozicion je, kiu memstaran signifon ne 
havas. Anstatai la prepozicio ye oni povas 
ankati uzi la akuzativon sen prepozicio. 


18 The American Esperanto Book 


XV 

Foreign Words.—The so-called foreign words, 
that is, those which a majority of the languages 
have taken from one source, are used in the Esper- 
anto language without change, receiving only the 
orthography of this language; but with various 
words from one root it is better to use unchanged 
only the fundamental word, and to form the rest 
from this latter according to the rules of the Esper- 
anto language. 


La tiel nomataj vortoj fremdaj, t. e., tiuj 
kiujn la plimulto de la lingvoj prenis el unu 
fonto, estas uzataj en la lingvo Esperanto sen 
Sango, ricevante nur la ortografion de tiu ¢i 
lingvo; sed Ge diversaj vortoj de unu radiko 
estas pli bone uzi senSange nur la vorton fun- 
damentan kaj la ceterajn formi el tiu ¢i lasta 
lai la reguloj de la lingvo Esperanto. 


XVI 
Elision.—The final vowel of the substantive 
and the article can be omitted and replaced by an 
apostrophe. 


La fina vokalo de la substantivo kaj de la 
artikolo povas esti forlasata kaj anstatatigata 
de apostrofo. 


eae 


The American Esperanto Book 19 


THE ARTICLE 


No indefinite article, such as a, is used in 
Esperanto, this being implied in the noun: hundo, 
@ dog; arbo, a free. 


The definite article is la: la hundo, she dog; 
la arbo, ¢he ¢ree. Its use is much the same as in 
English, with some very important exceptions. 
For example, when we use a word in its generic 
sense, the article is employed: The sentence, Man 
is a slave, we translate La homo estas sklavo. 
La medicino estas scienco—WMedicine is a science. 
Tiel blanka kiel la neZo—=As white as snow. 


Instead of possessive pronouns the article is 
used when referring to a relative of the speaker or 
person addressed, or even of a third person when 
the identity is unmistakable. La patro=My (or 
your) father. [See Exercises 8 and g]. 


Before numeral adjectives which denote day, 
hour, etc.: Venu je la deka horo—Come at fen. 
La unua de januaro—TZhe first of January. 


The apostrophe may be substituted for the 
a of the article. In Exercise 27 Dr. Zamenhof 
adds: ““but only after a preposition which ends in 
a vowel.’’ This permission is useful chiefly in 
poetry, when necessary to eliminate a syllable, 


20 The American Esperanto Book 


THE SUBSTANTIVE 


A substantive (noun) is a word expressing the 
name of anything: domo, @ house; birdo, a dird; 
penso, @ thought; ri€eco, wealth; ago, an act. 
The sign of the substantive is the finalo. When 
more than one thing is spoken of, we add the 
plural sign, j: katoj, ca¢s; knaboj, doys; arboj, /rees. 


The nominative form of the substantive is 
the regular form, either singular or plural. This 
is used in all relations except three, hereafter ex- 
plained. 


Possession is indicated by the preposition de 
preceding the substantive: La libro de la knabo= 
The boy’s book (literally, the book of the boy). 


The accusative form is used where the sub- 
stantive stands as the object of a transitive verb; 
that is, a verb which implies some action or change 
directed against the substantive: La knabo batis 
la hundon= Zhe boy beat the dog. UHere, the dog 
is the odyect of the action implied. Hence, we add 
the accusative sign, n, to hundo. This change is 
necessary in Esperanto because this is an in/erna- 
tional language, to be used by many millions of 
people who put the oédyect of an action before the 
word expressing the action. 


The American Esperanto Book aI 


After a preposition the accusative case is not 
used, except for the purpose indicated in the par- 
agraph following: 


To show direction or motion toward a given 
place, when no accompanying word indicates this, 
the accusative form is used: Li iris Bostonon= 
He went to or toward Boston. 


Accusative Without Preposition.—Accord- 
ing to Rule XIV we may omit the preposition and 
substitute the accusative form. This is frequently 
done in expressing date, measure, etc., but there 
is no set rule demanding it: Li venos lundon= 
He will come Monday. Wi yenos je lundo=Ze 
will come on Monday. Each of these forms is cor- 
rect. Mi laboris ok horojn=J worked eight hours. 
Mi laboris dum ok horoj=/ worked during eight 
hours. It will be noted that in either English or 
Esperanto the preposition may be omitted; but in 
Esperanto the omission is indicated by a signad. 


Order of Signs.—The sign of the plural pre- 
cedes that of the accusative case: librojn, homojn. 


Elision.—The final o of the noun may be omit- 
ted (Rule 16) and the apostrophe (’) substituted, 
but this is usually confined to verse. Writers of 
Esperanto poetry are inclined to take the similar 
liberty with a7 and ox where no confusion as to 
meaning is to be feared. 





22 The American Esperanto Book 
We omit the preposition, usually, translating - 
such forms as Dominion of Canada, City of New 
York: Regno Kanado, Urbo Noy-Jorko. The — 
accusative is not used here to indicate an omission, 
because no Z£sferanto preposition is left out, this 
‘language not confessing the need of a preposition 
in these cases. So the Zugiish preposition is wiped 
out of existence. 


Adjective for Possessive.—A few students 
are confused by the use of the adjective form for 
possessive case with the pronoun and not with the 
substantive. There are, however, cases in which 
an English possessive is translated by an Esperanto 
adjective, and these require careful observation: 
Unuhora dormo—Onxe hour’s sleep. Unuahora 
gardo=7he first hour’s watch. Close scrutiny will 
show, however, that these cannot be called an 
exception to the Esperanto rule, as they are hardly 
possessives in English, and not at all in Esperanto. 


The superiority of Esperanto as a means of 
precise expression is illustrated in the following 
sentences: Mia frato amas mian filinon pli ol 
mian filon=M©y brother loves my daughter more than 
my son (more than he loves my son). Mi amas mian 
filinon pli ol mia filo=/ /ove my daughter more 
than my son (loves her). In the first sentence, 
filon, being accusative, must be understood as the 
object of the implied verb. In the latter, filo, being 
nominative, can be connected with the sentence 


The American Esperanto Book 23 


only as the sudyect of the implied verb. In English 
we must supply the phrase to express the meaning; 
in Esperanto the case of the noun expresses the 
sense beyond doubt. 


24 The American Esperanto Book 


THE ADJECTIVE 


An adjective is a word used to express some 
quality, attribute or limitation of a substantive: 
blanka domo, @ white house; lar8a strato, a wide 
street; alta viro, a ¢a// man. Blanka, lara and 
alta are adjectives, each expressing some quality 
of the substantive. The adjective sign is final a. 


Adjectives may be formed from almost any 
root, and attribute to the substantive the idea ex- 
pressed by the root: ligno, wood, ligna, wooden; 
danki, /o thank, danka, thankful. Adjectives may 
be formed also from prepositions, adverbs, etc.; in 
fact the adjective ending may be applied to almost 
any word: en, 7m, ena, inner; tro, too, troa, exces- 
sive; tie, there, tiea, of that place. 


In number and case the adjective agrees with 
the substantive to which it belongs: Ruga pomo= 
A red apple: Rugaj pomoj—Red apples. Li Satas 
rugajn pomojn=He likes red apples. 


A predicative adjective, that is, one preceded 
by some form of esti (if not in the word, then at 
least in the thought), is always nominative, even 
though it may refer to an accusative substantive. 
Mi trovis mian amikon malsanan=/ /ound my 
sick friend. Here, malsanan belongs directly to 
amikon. But if we say Mi trovis mian amikon 


{ 
The American Esperanto Book 25 


malsana=/ found my friend sick, the meaning is 
materially changed. Literally, it would read: Mi 
trovis mian amikon esti (at, ke li estas) mal- 
sana=/ found my friend to be (or, that he és) sick. 
[See remarks on Adyectival Participles]. 


Comparison of adjectives is effected by means 
of various words. Some of them are: * 


Pli.......ol=ore.......than. 
Malpli.......ol=Zess.......than. 

st | kiel=4s.......a5. 
Tia.......kia=Such....0..d5. 

Tia sama.......kia—=The same...... as. 

Ju pli.......des pli=TZhe more.......the more. 


u malpli.....des malpli=TZvhe Jless.....the less. 
For uses of these words see Exercise 4]. 


Degree may also be expressed by the suffixes, 
eg and et: varmeta, varma, varmega—/ukewarm, 
warm, hot. 


The superlatives are expressed by plej and 
malplej: La plej granda=TZv%e largest. La mal- 
plej granda=TZzhe smallest. 


Adverbial Ending.—Where the indefinite 77 
is employed in English, as zf zs warm, it rains, 
Esperanto uses no equivalent for z¢; in such cases, 
or where a verb or phrase forms the subject, and all 
cases where there is neither a noun or pronoun to 
which the adjective refers, the qualifying word, 
even if adjectival in meaning, is adverbial in form: 
Estas necese=// ts necessary. Estas agrable= 
lt is agreeable. Esti bele estas oportune—Zo de 
beautiful is fortunate. 


26 The American Esperanto Book 





PRONOUNS. 


A pronoun is a word used to represent a noun 
or substantive. Its use lends grace and facility to 
speech, by avoiding repetitions of the real name 
for which it stands. Many ofthe cruder languages 
do not possess pronouns. An Indian, for example, 
uses his own name instead of the pronoun /, Es- 
peranto is especially well equipped with pronouns, 
Relative pronouns, with several other kinds, are 
listed under the head of Correlative Words, as their 
use is somewhat different from that of the personal 
pronouns. 


The personal pronouns are: mi, /; vi, you 
(singular or plural); li, 4e; $i, she; Bi, it; ni, we; 
ili, ‘hey; si, a reflexive pronoun referring only to 
subject of proposition and always in the third per- 
son, meaning Aimself, herself, itself, themselves; 
oni, ome or they: onidiras, they say. Oni is 
always nominative. 


The possessive case of pronouns is formed 
by the addition of the adjective sign, -a: mniia, 
my, mine; via, your, yours; lia, his ; Sia, her, hers; 
nia, our, ours; ilia, their, theirs; sia, one’s, his, 
hers, their, etc. 


The American Esperanto Book 27 


The possessive pronoun, being an adjective 
in form, is governed by the rules of the adjective, 
It agrees in number and case with the noun which 
it qualifies. Using the English words, their book, 
the pronoun is understood to be plural; ilia libro, 
however, shows the pronoun in the singular form, 
though obviously referring to more than one per- 
son; it becomes plural in form only when the noun 
is plural—iliaj libroj. Conversely, miaj libroj 
(my books) shows the personal pronoun in the plu- 
ral form, though certainly singular in sense. The 
plural sign is merely an indication that the word 
belongs to a plural noun. 


The reflexive pronoun requires careful study 
for its correct use. It is always in the third per- 
son and can refer only to the subject of the clause 
or proposition in which it is used. Johano ren- 
kontis mian patron kaj lian amikon=/ohln met 
my father and his (my father’s) friend. Johano 
renkontis mian patron kaj sian amikon=/ohn 
met my father and his (John’s) friend. [See Exer- 
cise 12]. 


+. 


ae 


* 


28 The American Esperanto Book 


THE VERB 

A verb is a word used to express action or 
being. In English these words often vary accord- 
ingly as they express the action of one person or 
more; or the action of the speaker, the person who 
is addressed, or a third person. For example, we 
say J am, you are, he is. In Esperanto the verb 
does not change thus; wesay: mi estas, vi estas, 
li estas. 


All verbs are regular.—In English, several 
hundred verbs have special forms for expressing 
past or completed action, so that to use the wrong 
form would give rise to seemingly humorous ab- 
surdities ; for example, write, wrote, written; fight, 
Joghte, fitten. The various Esperanto verbs use 
exactly the same forms, and the entire list of these 
forms in their various uses is called the conjuga- 
tion. 


INDICATIVE MODE 


The indicative mode expresses action or being 
as now taking place, which has, or which will take 
place. It involves a simple, definite statement, 
as distinguished from the indefinite, conditional, 
interrogatory, etc. 


a 


* 


4 
=, 


The American Esperanto Book "29 


ACTIVE VOICE 


The active voice represents the action as be- 
ing performed (present, past or future) : 


Mi skribas=/ write, am writing. 

Vi ludis—= Voz played, were playing. 

Li laboros=He will work, be working. 

Mi estas skribanta=/ am writing (emphasiz- 
ing present continuity of act.) 

Vi estis ludanta= You were playing. 

Li estos laboranta—ZHe wil/ be working. 
Mi estas skribinta=/ have written, been writ- 
ing. 

Vi estis ludinta=Vou had played, been playing. 

Li estos laborinta—=THe wi// have worked, have 
been working. 

Mi estas skribonta=/ am to write, am about 
to write. 

Vi estis ludonta= You were about to play. 

Li estos laboronta—WHe will be about to work. 


PASSIVE VOICE 


The passive voice describes the action as 
being received: 


Mi estas amata=/ am /oved. 

Vi estis trompata=You were deceived, were 
being deceived. 

Li estos forlasata—WHe wiil/ be forsaken. 

Mi estas amita=/ have deen loved. 

Vi estis trompita= You had been deceived. 





30 The American Esperanto Book 


Li estos forlasita=He will have been forsaken. 

Mi estas amota=/ am /o be (or, about to be) 
loved. 

Vi estis trompota=VYou were about to be 
deceived. 

Li estos forlasota—He will be about to be for- 
saken, 


The Present Tense.—If an action is in prog- 
ress at the time of speaking or writing, the verb 
takes the ending of the present tense. Johano 
skribas=/ohn writes. This means that John is 
now writing, but it may also mean that he writes 
generally, is a copyist. When necessary, however, 
to emphasize the fact that the action is of present 
duration and still incomplete, we use the participle 
and estas, thus: Johano estas skribanta. This 
can mean only that John is now, at the time of 
speaking, in the act of writing. 


The present tense is also used in Esperanto 
to describe an act occurring at a time past, but of 
which a descriptive account is being given. For 
example, J shakes my fist in his face and I says to 
him, “Go! is vividly expressive, but ungrammat- 
ical. However, Mi minacas lian vizaZon per 
la mia pugno kaj diras al li ‘‘ For!’’ has all the 
emphasis which the English sentence receives from 
the use of the present tense, and is grammatically 
correct. 


The American Esperanto Book 31 
The Past Tense.—When an act occurred at 
some time now wholly past, or was occurring at 
such a time, the past tense is employed: Johano 
skribis=/oln wrote, or was in the act of writing. 
But again, if we wish to state clearly that he was, . 
at some particular time, writing, we use the parti- 
ciple: Johano estis skribanta. 


The Future Tense.—When an action is to 
take place at some future time, we use the future 
tense. Johano skribos=/ohn will write, or will 
be writing. As with the other tenses, if we wish 
so be precise, to say that at-some definite future 
time John will be in the act of writing, the participle 
is necessary: Johano estos skribanta. 


Completed action, indicated in English by 
what are called the perfect tenses, is expressed in 
Esperanto by some form of esti and a past parti- 
ciple of the principal verb: Ili estas kantintaj= 
They have been singing (literally, ‘“‘they are were 
singing’). This means that now, at this time, the 
act of singing is complete. Ili estis kantintaj= 
They had been singing. Estis refers to a time past, 
and kantintaj indicates that the act of singing was, 
at that time, already finished. Ili estos kantintaj 
=They will have been singing. At the future time 
indicated by estos, the act of singing will have been 
finished. 


32 The American Esperanto Book = - 


CONDITIONAL MODE. 


The Conditional Mode describes an action 
that is conditional ; something that might happen 
or have happened ; something doubtful in itself, or 
contingent upon something else. It is usually 
introduced by the conjunction, se (i/). The gram- 
matical sign of the conditional mode is -us, alike 
for all tenses. If time is expressed, this is accom- 
plished by a participle or another verb ‘used in 
connection. 


Se 8i amus=// she should love. 

Se Si estus amanta=Were she loving. 

Se 8i estus aminta=// she had loved, or been 
loving. 

Se Si estus amonta=Were she about to love, or 
be loving. 

Se 8i estus amata>Were she loved, or being 
loved. 


Se 8i estus amita=// she had been loved. 
Se 8i estus amota=Were she about to be loved. 


Example: Se pluvus, ni iros fiSkapti= 
Should it rain, we shall go fishing. Here, the first 
verb is conditional, the second indicative. Se 
estus pluvinte, ni irus fiSkapti—//7/ had rained, 
we would go fishing. Here, both verbs are condi- 
tional. The student must not permit himself to 





The American Esperanto Book 33 


be confused regarding the two meanings of should. 
In one sense, this is a conditional auxiliary, and 
as such is used in the foregoing translations. In 
the other sense it expresses duty, as ‘‘He should 
love his parents.’”’ This has nothing whatever to 
do with the conditional mode of Esperanto, and is 
translated by the verb devi, ought. 





ae , 


34 The American Esperanto Book wie 





IMPERATIVE MODE 


The imperative mode indicates command, a = 
desire, purpose, etc. Its sign is -u. ¢* 


In giving commands and making requests it 
is used directly, without connecting words: Haltu! 
=Halt! Prenu pomon!=TZake an apple! Li 
venu tien ¢i!—=Le?t him come here! 


In expressing purpose it is usually preceded 
by ke or por ke: Por ke Si ricevu pardonon, 
Si Zin petu=/x order that she receive a pardon, let 
her ask it. Mia patro deziras ke li venu=J/y 
Sather desires that he come. 


Participles may be used with the imperative: 
Li insistas ke vi estu punata—=/¢ insists that you 
be punished. 


The American Esperanto Book 35 


INFINITIVE MODE 


The infinitive mode, sign -i, has no tense, 
signifying simply Zo de, to Jove, etc. As with the 
conditional and imperative modes, it may receive 
a suggestion of tense when accompanied by a par- 
ticiple. 


Ami=7o Jove. 

Esti amante=7o be loving. 

Esti amite=7Zo have been loved. 
Esti amonte=7o be about to love. 





A substantival sense is expressed by the 
infinitive, which may of itself be the subject of a 
sentence: Erari estas home; pardoni, die—7Zo 
err is human; to forgive, divine. 


Note that the adjectives and participles modifying the 
infinitive take the adverbial form. 






36 The American Esperanto Book : mo 


a 
< 


A TEREONAEEI 


In questions, the indicative mode is used, and 


accompanied by an interrogatory word. There are 
(see Correlative Words) nine interrogatory words 
beginning with k: kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, 
kio, kiom, kiu. These words are used in precisely 
the same manner as their English equivalents, 
what, why, when, where, how, etc. 


Kiam li revenos ?2= When will he return? 
Kie ni estas ?2=Where are we? 


Any sentence not introduced by one of these 
may be changed to a question by the word éu, 


meaning whether: €u vi venos ?=Will you come? 


Eu vi nin amas ?=Do you love us? 


. 


The American Esperanto Book 37 


THE PARTICIPLE 


A participle is a word derived from a verb 
root, and implying action, though not directly 
stating it, as does the verb. Participles in Esper- 
anto are of three classes: 


Adjectival—Expressing the quality of being 
inaction: Kantanta birdo=A singing bird; and, 
with a helping verb, the act itself: La birdo estas 
kantanta=TZhe bird ts singing. 


Adverbial—Expressing the fact of the action, 
usually by way of connecting it with some other 
act, and always without a directly governing 
substantive: Vidante muson, Si forkuris= Seeing 
a mouse, she ran away. 


Substantival—Expressing the act and agent 
in the active form, the act and the recipient in the 
passive: parolanto, fhe speaker; parolato, the 
person spoken to. 


The participle plays a much more important 
part in Esperanto than in English, and the student 
must give it careful study. It may have the end- 






38 The American Esperanto Book 


ing of the adjective, adverb or substantive. 
signs are: 


-ant-, Present active. 
-int-, Past active. 
-ont-, Future active. 


-at-, Present passive. a 
-it-, Past passive. ae 
-ot-, Future passive. | aa” 


An adjectival participle may be directly qual- 
ifying, and as such is usually placed before the 
substantive, as in English: Fluanta akvo=F/ow- 
ing water. When so used, and qualifying a plural 
or accusative substantive, it takes the same case 
and number: Ni vidis la brulantajn domojn= 
We saw the burning houses. 


When used as a predicate, that is, when 
preceded by a form of esti, expressed or implied, 
the participle agrees with the noun as to number, . 
but is never accusative: La domoj estas brul- 
antaj = Zhe houses are burning. Ni vidas la 
domojn brulantajn is translated We see the burning 
houses. Here, brulantajn is a directly qualifying 
word and hence is accusative because of domojn. 
But if we say Ni vidis la domojn brulantaj= We 
saw the houses burning, this means that we saw the 
houses (first proposition) and also (second propo- 
sition) discovered, or saw, that they were burning: 
We saw the houses tobe, (or, that they were) burning. 


The American Esperanto Book 39 


Here, although esti and ke ili estas are omitted, 
the meaning is clearly shown by the nominative 
form of the participle. 


Esperanto participles also convey a sugges- 
tion of tense: Mono havata estas pli grava ol 
havita=Money possessed (now) ts more important 
than (that which has) deen possessed. Pasero 
kaptita estas pli bona ol aglo kaptota= 4 sgar- 
row caught is better than an eagle to be caught. 


Adverbial participles have the regular adverb 
ending, e, which is invariable. They are usually 
employed in sentences like the following : Trovinte 
pomon, mi gin mangfis—AHaving found an apple, 
tate it. Promenante sur la strato, mi falis= 
Walking along the street, I fell. Li venis al mi 
tute ne atendite—He came to me quite unexpect- 
edly. Here, trovinte and promenante take the 
adverbial ending because there is no substantive to 
which they can directly belong. .? 


Participles should not be used in lieu of 
simple adjectives and adverbs. When the partici- 
pial form is used, action should always be distinctly 
understood. Fluanta akyo (running water) is 
correct, because action is implied ; amanta edzo 
(a loving husband) would ordinarily be incorrect, 
because quality, and not action, is expressed. 
Here, the simple adjective, ama (afectionate), 






40 The American i Book 


would be the proper word. Li vantis ‘a 
(He sings charmingly), not @armante. 


Substantival participles have the rewulneil 
sign of the substantive, and indicate, in the active 
form, the ferson or thing performing the action 
(a participle invariably implies action). Inthe — 
passive form they indicate the recipient of the — 
action: 


Amanto=4A /over—one who is now loving. 
Aminto=A /over—one who did love. 
Amonto= One who will love. 

Amato=A Jéeloved person. 

Amito=4 ée/oved—one who has been loved. 
Amoto=One about to be loved. 


The American Esperanto Book AI 


THE ADVERB 


The use of the adverb is to qualify, emphasize 
or explain verbs, adjectives, participles or other 
adverbs. Example: La tre bela, bone vestita 
virino agas apenati Zentile=Zhe very beautiful, 
well dressed woman acts hardly politely. The 
four adverbs, tre, bone, apenati and gentile have 
the following positions in the sentence: Tre 
belongs to the adjective, bela; bone belongs tothe 
participle, vestita; @entile to the verb, agas; 
apenati to the adverb, gentile. As will be seen, 
each adverb conveys some added meaning to the 
word to which it belongs. 


Adverbs regularly derived from a root have 
the ending e, thus: from bel’, the root for dcauty, 
we have bele, dcautiful/y. Besides this, there are 
some so-called srimary adverbs, which do not 
belong to the word-families which spring from each 
root. A few of these have the ending e, but most 
have not. 


PRIMARY ADVERBS 


The following list includes the primary adverbs 
most used: 


Adiat,, Adieu, Goodbye. 
Ain, Zver (after kiam, kie, etc. ) 





“Almenaii, 4/ least, 
Ankai, Ads. 
Ankorat, Yet, Still. — 
Apenat, Hardly, Scarcely. 
Baldait, Soon. 

Bis, Once more. 

Ci, The nearest. 

Cial, For every reason. 
- Ciam, Always * 

Cie, Every Where 
Ciel, Zn Every Way. 
Ciom, A//, All of it. 

Cu, Whether. 

Des pli, Zhe More. 

Eé, Even 
‘For, Away. 

Hierat, Yesterday. 
Hodiat, 7Zoday. 

Ial, For Some Cause. 

Iam, Some Time, Any Time. 
Ie, Some Where, Any Where. oe 
Iel, 72 Some Manner. wy 
Iom, Some Quantity. 
Ja, /ndeed. 

Jam, A/ready 
Jen, Here, Behold. 
Jes, Yes. 

Ju pli, Zhe More. 
Jus, Just Now 
Kial, Why. 


ee) 


The American Esperanto Book 


Kie, Where. 

Kiel, How, As. 
Kiom, How Much. 
Kvazau, As i. 
Morgau, Zomorrow. 
Ne, Wot. 

Nek, Wetther, Nor. 
Nenial, For No Cause. 
Neniam, JVever. 
Nenie, Vo Where. 
Neniel, Jz No Manner. 
Neniom, JVone. 

Nun, Vow. 

Nur, Only. 

Plej, Most. 

Pli, More. 

Plu, Further. 
Preskat, early. 
Tial, For that Cause. 
Tiam, Zhen. 

Tie, There. 

Tie ¢i, Here. 

Tiel, Jz that Manner, So. 
Tiom, So Much. 

Tre, Very. 

Tro, Zoo. 

Tuj, Jmmediately. 


43 


adverbial meaning by the addition of the adverb 








44 The American Esperanto Book a 
_ DERIVED ADVERBS 
Any root or primary word may be given an 


ending, e, provided this can logically be done. A 
few such words are given in the following list: 


= 
* 
- 


Afrankite, Postage paid. 
Aliloke, Z/sewhere. 
Alivorte, /n other words, 
Alvenante, U on arrival. 
Antate, Previously. 
Aparte, Separately, specially. 
Bonstate, /n good condition. 
Cirkatie, Around. 

Ciufoje, Every time. 
Ciujare, Yearly. 
Ciumonate, Monthly. 
Ciusemajne, Weekly. 
Ciutage, Daily. 

Dekstre, On the right. 
Efektive, Actually. 
Ekstere, Outwardly. 
Escepte, Excepting. 
Gustatempe, Promptly, at the right time. 
Intence, /ntentionally. 
Jene, As follows. 

Jese, Afirmatively. 

KaSe, Secretly. 

Kompate, Mercifully, Sympathetically. 
Kompreneble, O/ course. 


The American Esperanto Book 45 


Latlarge, As to width. 
Latlonge, Zengthwise. 
Laivole, 4/7 will. 

’ Latte, Zoud/y. 

Lerte, Sz///ully. 

Male, Ox the contrary. 
Malfacile, With difficulty. 
Maldekstre, Ox the /e/t. 
MalkaSe, Ofenly, without concealment. 
Malmulte, Wot much. 
Malproksime, /n the distance, afar. 
Malpleje, Zeas?. 

Malrekte, /ndirectly, slantingly. 
Malsupre, Z#e/ow. 

Matene, Jz the morning. 
Multe, JZuch. 

Nelonge, Vot Jong. 

Nedube, Doudtlessly. 

Nune, 4/ present. 

Nuntempe, Wowadays. 

Pace, Peacefully. 

Parole, Veréally. 

Pere, By indirect means. 
Persone, Personally. 

Piedire, On foot. 

Pleje, Mostly. 

Plezure, With pleasure. 
Plivole, Preferably. 

Plue, Furthermore. 

Poste, Afterwards. 





Precipe, Especially, 
Proksime, Wear. | ; 
Proksimume, Asinocieaaaen S 
Rapidire, By fast means, a Bue mes 
Ree, Again. bnew 2. 
Rekte, Directly. | * -- Aree 
Sajne, Seemingly. . 
Sekve, Consequently. 
Senescepte, Without exception. 
Senintermanke, Uninterruptedly. 
Senpage, ./ree, without pay. 
Sensence, Without sense. 
Skribe, /n writing. 


Somere, /n summer. (a 
Speciale, Sfecia/ly. Br 
Sufiée, Suficiently. ry, z 
Supre, Adove. t. Be 
Tiamaniere, /n such a manner. ‘, 4 
Treege, Extremely. ‘5 Sie 
Troe, Excessively. agate 
Tute, Zotally, entirely, quite. 1% 


Vole, Voluntarily. 
Volonte, Willingly. 


The American Esperanto Book 47 


THE PREPOSITION 


Prepositions are used to define relations be- 
tween other words, or phrases: La hundo kuSas 
antati la fajro==The dog lies before the fire. Resti 
apud vi estas, sen escepto, la plej bone el ¢@iuj 
plezuroj—7o stay near you ts, without exception, 
the best of (from among) ad/ pleasures. 


The complement (accompanying substantive) 
of a preposition is always in the nominative case, 
unless, to show direction, the accusative is used. 


Rule XIV permits the omission of the prepo- 
sition where the sense does not clearly show which 
one to use, and in such cases the substantive is 
made accusative. We can also use the general, 
undefined preposition, je. 


Every preposition except Je has a fixed and 
constant meaning, which should be learned. So 
many English prepositions are used for more than 
one idea that ridiculous errors would arise from 
their literal translation: He talked over the tele- 
phone, to a firm over the river, and sold over eighteen 
cases of eggs that had been left over, -Here,, two 
prepositions, per, meaning éy means of, and trans, 





Seaaniak would require aeede which are not prepa isd 
sitions, and at no point does the Esperanto prepo- 
sition, super, meaning over or aie enter into — 
consideration ! 4 


The following examples show most of the — 
ordinary uses of the prepositions: 


AL—70, TOWARD 


Li iros al Bostono=/He will go to Boston. 

Mi rompis al mi la brakon=/ droke my arm. 

Li havas amon al la patro=/He ane love for 
his father. 

Donu al mi la libron=Give (to) me the book. 

Ordonu al li ke li venu=Order (to) him to 
(that he) come. | 

Aldonu al tiu sumo kvin dolarojn=Add ¢#o 
that sum five dollars. 


ANSTATAU—/NSTEAD OF 


Anstatai konsilo, mi deziras prunton=/n- 
stead of advice, I want a loan. 

Anstatat plori, la vidvino devas foji=/n- 
stead of weeping (to weep), the widow should rejoice. 


ANTAU—BEFORE 


Arbo staras antai la domo=A /¢ree stands in 
Sront of the house. 
Iru antat mi=Go before me. 


The American Esperanto Book 49 


Antai niaj okuloj flugis fantomo=Se/ore our 
eyes there flew a phantom. 


Antai ol morgait, li venos=Sefore tomorrow, 


he will come. 
Antai tri tagoj, li venis=T7Z%ree days ago, he 
came. 


The use of antati in the last two sentences is ™ 
worthy of special observation. The tense of the © 


verb, and the conjunction ol, show in the first that 
a future time is mentioned ; while in the latter, the 
absence of ol and the past tense of the verb show 
that the time referred to has passed. 


APUD—WNVEAR 


La fonto apud la granda arbo=VTZhe spring 
near the large tree. 
Bulonjo apud Maro=Bouwlogne-on-the-Sea. 


CE—AT 


Atendu ée la poStofico= Watt at the post office. 

Mi estos ée vi=/ shall be at your house (liter- 
ally, af you). 

Li venis ée la deka=WHe came at ten. 

Ke €e €iu vorto kiun vi diros=TZzhai at every 
word you speak. 

Ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion 
ol—= With the comparative one uses the conjunction ol. 

Koro €e koro ni parolis=We ¢alked heart to 
heart. 


- 






50 The American Esperanto Book 





€IRKAU—AROUND aS 
Soldatoj staras @irkaii la domo=So/diers are 


standing around the house. te 
La prezo estas @irkati kvindek cendoj=Zhe 
price is about fifty cents. : 
Mi venos ¢irkaii la sepa horo=/ shail come 
“about the seventh hour. 
Li stirmetis ledan zonon €irkat la talio=—//¢ 
put a leather belt around his waist, 


DA—OF 
This preposition is used only after words denot- 
ing quantity, weight, number or measure: 


Funto da teo=A pound of tea. 

Multe da pensoj=Many (of) thoughts. 
Miloj da homoj= 7housands of men. 
Peco da ligno=A piece of wood. 


q 
b 


The beginner will find great care necessary to 
avoid confusion as to da and de. Compare care- — 
fully the examples. 


DE—OF, BY, FROM 


This preposition is used as the sign of posses- 
sion, and to connect the passive participle with its . 
complement. It also indicates origin, place of 
beginning, etc. : 

La libro de Johano=/ohn’s book. 
La filino estas amata de sia patro=7zke 
daughter ts loved by her father. 


The American Esperanto Book 51 


De tia kaizo=Fyrom such a cause. 

Tio dependas de lia respondo=TZzhat depends 
upon his reply. 

De loko al loko=Fyrom ptace to place. 

Mi foriros de tie ¢i=J shall go away from 
here. 

Li logas malproksime de tie ¢i—THe dives far 
Srom here. 

Li logas proksime de tie @i—AHe Jives near 
here. 

De ilia unua renkonto=Since (from) ¢heir first 
meeting. 

De tri tagoj mi ne mangas=for three days J 
have not eaten. 

Li mortis de malsato—AHe died of hunger. 


DUM—DURING, WHILE. 


Dum la nuna jaro—During this year. 
Dum li parolas=While he ts talking. 


EKSTER—OUT7S/DE 


Ekster la domo=Outside the house. — 
Ekster tiuj ¢i kaizoj—=Ovu/tside these causes. 


EL—OUT OF, FROM AMONG 


Plej bona el Ciuj=Zest of all. 

Unu el ni devas iri=One of us ought to go. 
Eléizita el marmoro=Chiseled from marble. 
Li iros el la urbo=He will go out of the city. 


52 The Anicrican Esperanto Book — 


Mu§$o venis el sub la lito=A mouse came from 
under the bed. va 


EN—/V ts 
This word is also translated in¢o. When this — 









meaning is implied it must be followed by the 


accusative of direction. 


Iliiras en la preZejon=TZhey are going into 
the church. 

Ili estas en la preBejo=TZhey are in the church. | 

Nokto en somero=A night in summer, 

En tia okazo=On such an occasion. 

Estas dudek-kvar horoj en tago=T7Zzere are 
twenty-four hours in a day. 


GIS—UNTIL, AS FAR AS 


Vi povas veni Zis la pordego= You may come 
as far as the gate. 

De Marto gis Majo—/rom March until May. 

Atendu gis morgat= Wait until tomorrow. 


INTER—BEZTWEEN, AMONG 


Inter aliaj aferoj—=Among other matters. 

Inter la du amikoj=Se/ween the two friends. 

Inter Marto kaj Majo=ZSetween March and 
May. 

Laamikoj malkonsentis inter si—TZhe friends 
disagreed among themselves. 


The American Esperanto Book 53 


JE 


This preposition has no fixed meaning, and is 
used only when the sense does not clearly require 
some other word : 


Li ridas je mia eraro—He laughs at my error. 

Je la unua okazo=4/ the jirst opportunity. 

Li ekkaptis la hundon je la Zor80—ZHe caught 
the dog by the throat. 

Je la kvara de marto=On the fourth of March. 

Alta je ses futoj=Six feet high. 

Je la unua fojo en sia vivo—or the first time 
in his life. ; 


KONTRAU— OPPOSITE, AGAINST 


Kontrati la hotelo=Osfosite the hotel. 

Ni iris kontrati la vento=We went against the 
wind. 

La armeo marSis kontrat la arbo=TZzhe army 
marched against the city. 

La pastro predikis kontrai la ebrieco=TZzhe 
pastor preached against drunkenness. 


KROM=BZS/DES. 


La vento, krom forta, estas tre malvarma= 
The wind, besides (being) strong, is very cold. 


Krom mono, Si havis belecon=JSesides money 
She had beauty. 







54 The American Esperanto Book 


KUN— WITH 


This word is never used where the relation is # 
that of means or instrument, per being the correct _ 
preposition in such cases. 


Li edzigos kun Mario=He will marry (with) — 
Mary. 

Resti kun leono estas danfere=7Zo remain 
with a lion is dangerous. | 

Li laboras kun pacienco=He J/adors with 
patience. 


LAU—ACCORDING TO 
Laut mia opinio=According to my opinion. 
Lat la lego=According to law. 
Lai vico=/n ‘urn, according to rank. 
Lat lia kutima maniero=/n his Baa tit 


manner. 
Promenante lati la rivero=While walking 


along the river. 


MALGRAU—WO7WITHSTANDING 


Malgrat ¢Gio, ni atingos la celon=o/with- 
standing everything, we will attain the purpose. 


PER—SY MEANS OF 


This preposition indicates the means, tool or 
instrument by means of which an act is accom- 
plished, and translates with, through, by means of. 

Li silentigis ilin per rigardo=WHe silenced them 
with a look. 


The American Esperanto Book 55 


Oni tranéas per trantilo=Ovne cuts with a 
knife. 


PO—AT THE RATE OF. 


Po du dolaroj ¢iutage—=A/ the rate of two dol- 
lars per day. 

Li aéetis tri librojn po unu dolaro—/e bought 
three books at the rate of one dollar (Not ‘“‘at the 
price of’; see Por). 


POR—/OR 


Li aéetis tri librojn por unu dolaro— He 
bought three books for one dollar. 

La patrino diras ke estas tempo por ¢io= 
Mother says there ts a time for everything. 

Li venis por vin danki=He came (for) Zo 
thank you. 

Por ke vi ne forgesu, skribu gin—Zes/ you 
Sorget, write tt down. 


POST=2ZHIND 


When used with reference to time, this word 
means a/fer. 


Post la éevalino trotas @evalido=Bechind the 
mare trots a colt, 

Post hodiat=4/rer today. 

Horo post horo—Howur after hour. 

Iom post iom=Zittle by little. 

Post unu jaro—A/ver one year. 





56 _ The American Esperanto Book 


Post la domo=Sehind the house. ! 

Post kiam la horlogo batos la dekan, vi — 
devos foriri=A/ter the clock strikes ten, you will 
have to leave. 

Post via reveno—A/ter your return. 


PRETER—PAST 


Preter is translated 4y or pas¢ with respect to 
motion and relative position—not time: 


Mi iris preter la fenestroj de la domo=/ 
went past the windows of the heuse. 


PRI—ABOUT, CONCERNING 


Mi demandis lin pri la vojo=/ asked him 
about the way. 

Ne pensu pri 2i—Do not think about it. 

Li paroladis pri Afriko—THe /ectured on Africa. 


PRO—BECAUSE OF. 


Li demandis Sin, pro kio 8i ploras=He asked 
her for (on account of) what she was crying. 

Pro manko de tempor lack of time. 

Mi dankas vin pro la sendo de la libro=/ 
thank you for sending the book. 


SEN— WITHOUT 


Li ne povas vivi sen 8i—=V/e cannot live with- 
out her. 


Dek sen kvar faras ses=TZen Jess four makes 
SIX. 


Prepositions 57 


SPITE—J/N SPITE OF. 


Spite la gepatroj, 8i edzinigis—=/n spite of her 
parents, she married. 
Oni lin arestis, spite lia baraktado=TZzey 
arrested him in spite of his struggles. 


SUPER—OVER 


This preposition means over and aédove in the 
sense of relative position, and must never be used 
in translating such phrases as ‘“‘over the tele- 
phone’’—use per; ‘“‘over the river,’? meaning 
across or beyond—use trans; ‘“‘over*the electric,’’ 
meaning 4y way of—use lat. 


Super latero sin trovas aero—A dove the earth 
is found (finds itself) air. 
Birdoj flugis super niaj eee =Birds flew over 
our heads. 


SUR—ON 


Translated oz or upon, and implies, in this use, 
contact. Where direction is expressed, it is fol- 
lowed by the accusative, and means oz fo: 


Sur la tablo kuSas papero=/aper lies upon 
the table. 

Li staris supre sur la monto kaj rigardis 
malsupren sur la kampon=He stood above upon 
the mountain and gazed below upon the field. 

Ili ekpafis sur neofendajn vilaganojn—TZhey 
Jired upon inoffensive villagers. 








58° es il dee Es ‘rant 


TRA—T7HROU GH 


This word means through in a strict sense, 
always implies motion or relative position. 

Li promenis trala arbaro=He walked throt 
the street. 


Tra la mondo iras forta voko= Dirvagle. 
world there goes a strong call, = 


TRANS—ACROSS, BEYOND 


La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, @ar trans _ 
la rivero sin trovis aliaj hirundoj=TZhe swallow — 
Slew across the river, because beyond the river were — 
(found themselves) other swallows. 


Trans la strato=Across the street. 


The American Esperanto Book 59 


THE CONJUNCTION. 


A conjunction is a word used to join other 
words, phrases or parts of sentences. Its function 
may be merely that and nothing more,as: Bovo 
kaj €Gevalo—Az ox and a horse. It may also estab- 
lish a definite relation between the parts of a sen- 
tence: Pluvis; tial, ni restis hejme=// rained; 
therefore, we remained at home. 


Conjunctions do not require the careful study- 
necessary for the correct use of the prepositions, 
and need only be memorized. According to use, 
some words may be either conjunctions, adverbs 
or prepositions, but as a rule the student need not 
trouble himself to analyze these delicate distinc- 
tions, Following is a list of the words most used 
as conjunctions : 


Alie, Otherwise. 

Almenai, A? /eas?. 

Ai, Or. 

Au.......al, Zither.. ....07. 

Car, Because, for. 

Cu,. Whether. 

Do, /ndeed, therefore indeed. 

Eé se, ven if. 

Escepte se, Unless (Excepting if). 


Jen.......jen, Wow... 
Kaj, And. 


Ke, That. eal re “4 : 


Kvankam, 4/though. 
Nek, Vor. ’ 


Nek.......nek, Neither swessnor ; 


Ol, Zhan. 

Por ke, /n order that. 

Se, 7. 

Sed, Bui, 

‘Sekve, Consequently. 

Tamen, However, nevertheless. 
Tia kia, Such as. 

Tia ke, Such that. 





Interjections 61 


THE INTERJECTION 


Interjections are exclamatory words, usually 
more or less emphatic in meaning. They are not 
arranged in sentences, have no grammatical re- 
sponsibilities, and more closely resemble the prim- 
itive animal cries and exclamations than any other 
part of human speech. They may express fear, 
pain, warning, surprise, doubt, entreaty, command, 
grief, joy, approval, contempt, etc. Following is 
a list of Esperanto words, some of which are always 
interjections, others frequently used as such: 


Adiat! Farewell / 
Antaten! Forward / 
Bis! L£ucore/ 
Bone! Wedll/ 
Bonvenu! Welcome! 
Brave! Bravo! 
Certe! Certainly / 
Efektive! Really/ 
Fi! Fi / 

For! Away! 

Ha! Ah! Ha! 
He! Hey! Hello! 
Ho! OA”! Ho! 
Hove! A/das! 
Hontu! Be ashamed! Shame! 


. 


Nu! Wel/\- 
Ve! Woel |. 
Vere! Really! 


Ne! Jo! Seat 





The American Esperanto Book 63 


THE NUMERALS 


The cardinal numerals do not change in form 
to agree with words to which they belong. This is 
the meaning of Rule IV, which sts that they are 
not declined. They are: 


Unu, one; du, ¢wo; tri, three; kvar, four; 
kvin, five; ses, six; sep, seven; ok, eight; nau, 
nine; Gdek, fen; cent, hundred; mil, thousand; 
miliono, million. 


The tens and hundreds are formed by joining 
numerals ; when the relation is one of mu/tiplication 
the smaller number comes first: dudek, ¢wenty ; 
kvardek, for/y; sepcent or sepcent, seven hun- 
dred. ‘The units are added to the tens and hundreds 
when placed after them: dekunu, e/even; dekdu, 
twelve ; dekses, sixteen; kvardek-kvar, forty-four. 
[See Exercises 12 and 14]. 


Adjectival ordinals are formed by adding the 
adjective ending: unua, frst; dua, second; tria, 
third; mil naticent kaj sepa, nineteen hundred and 
seventh. 


Adverbial ordinals are obtained by adding 
the adverb ending: unue, jrstly; due, secondly ; 
kvine, 7/thly. 


64 The Numerals 


Fractionals are made by adding the sufix on, t 


with the ending of the substantive, adverb or 
adjective, according to meaning: triono, one-third; 
kvinone, one-ji/thly. 


Multiples are formed by adding obl, with the © 


adjective or adverb ending: unuobla, single; du- 
obla, double; trioble, ¢rip/y ; kvaroble, guadruply. 


Collective numerals are made by the addition 
of the suffix op: duope, /wo together; kvarope, 
Jour abreast, by fours. 


Substantival numerals are formed by adding 
the substantive ending, 0. These are subject to 


the rules governing all substantives: cento, @ 


hundred (considered as a unit); miloj kaj miloj, 
thousands and thousands. 





i 


Prefixes and Suffixes 65 


PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 


Esperanto is equipped with a system of prefixes 
and suffixes which give a wide range of expression 
to a very small vocabulary. Taking a root word 
for the central thought, these affixes are used to 
express the various ideas arising from the central 
idea. In Exercise 42, Dr. Zamenhof shows us 
fifty-three words thus formed from one root, The 
only limit to such combinations is legibility and 
logic. 

PREFIXES 


BO indicates relationship by marriage: frato, 
brother; bofrato, érother-in-law. 


€EF chief or principal: kuiristo, a cook; 
éefkuiristo, a head cook. 


DE means /romor of: preni, to ‘ake; depreni, 
to take from. 


DIS dismemberment or separation: semi, /o 
sow; dissemi, ¢o scatter broadcast; Siri, to tear; 
disSiri, ¢o tear apart, tear to pieces. 


EK to begin suddenly; something of short 
duration: ridi, 40 laugh; ekridi, to burst out 
out laughing. 2 


EKS same asthe English ex: eksprezidanto, 
ex-president, 





66 The American Esperanto Book 


FOR signifies away: iri, ¢o go; foriri, to go ss 
away. ni 


“\ he 
- ; 


GE both sexes taken together: patro, father; 9 
gepatroj, parents. ¥ 


MAL the direct opposite: bona, good; mal- 
bona, Jad; alta,-high; malta, /ow. 


NE denotes neutral or negative: bela, deautiful; 
nebela, s/aim (not necessarily ugly—for direct 
contraries use mal). 


PRA means either great or primordial: avo, 
grandfather ; praavo, great grandfather; patro, 
Sather; prapatroj, fore/athers. 


RE to repeat or reverse: diri, /o say; rediri, 
to repeat; veni, to go; reveni, ¢o return. 


- SEN equivalent of -/ess, the English suffix: 
haro, iair; senhara, bald, hairless. 


SUFFIXES 


AD denotes continued action, meaning the same 
as the English substantival participle ending, -zag: 
kanto, a song; kantado, singing. 


AN an inhabitant or partisan of: Ameriko, 
America; amerikano, an American; Kristo, Christ#, 
kristano, a Christian. 


Suffixes 67 


Aj a concrete idea or object, possessing the 
quality indicated by the root: bela, deautiful; 
belajo, @ deautiful object; bovo, an ox; bovajo, 
bees. 


AR a collection or group of things: arbo, @ 
tree; arbaro, a forest; vorto, aword; vortaro, 
@ dictionary. 


Cj affectionate diminutive for masculine names: 
Johano, John, Johanéjo, Johnnie; patro, father; 
patjo, pa, papa. 


EBL denotes possibility: vidi, /o see; videbla, 
visible; porti, to carry; portebla, portable. 


EC denotes the abstract quality: bela, deau/i- 
Jul; beleco, dcauty; bona, good; boneco, goodness. 


EG denotes increased degree or size: varma, 
warm; vwarmega, hot; pordo, door; pordego, 
a gate. 


EJ indicates place of action or place devoted 
to: lerni, fo /earn; lernejo, a school. 


EM shows tendency or inclination; labori, 
to work; laborema, zudustrious. 


ER denotes a single object as distinguished 
from the collective term : mono, money; monero, 
a coin; sablo, sand; sablero, a grain of sand. 


ESTR a leader or manager:  urbo, city; 
urbestro, mayor; Sipo, ship; Sipestro, captain. 


68 The American Esperanto Book 





ET denotes diminution of size or degree: = 


varma, warm; yarmeta, /ukewarm; trané€ilo, a : 
knife ; trantileto, a pen knife. ie 


ID denotes the young of, or a descendant of: 
kato, ca‘; katido, &i/ten; reZo, king; reBido, 
a prince. 


IG means /o cause to become: ri€a, rich; ri€igi, 
to enrich; pura, clean; purigi, /o clean. (Igverbs 
are always transitive). 


IG means fo become : ri€ifi, to become rich; 
puri@i, ¢o become clean. (18 verbs are always in- 
transitive and can never take the passive participle 
forms, at, it or ot). 


IL denotes the instrument or tool: kudri, 70 
sew; kudrilo, a needle; pafi, shoot; pafilo, gun. 


IN suffix of the feminine: frato, drother; 
fratino, sister; koko, chicken; kokino, hen. 


IND denotes worthiness: ami, /o Jove; am- 
inda, amiable; kredi, /o delieve; kredinda, worthy 
of belief. 


ING holder for a single object: plumo, a pen; 
plumingo, fenholder ; cigaringo, cigarholder. 


IST denotes a person professionally occupied 
with, or associated with: kanti, /o sing; kantisto, 
a professional singer; metio, a craft; metiisto, 
a craftsman. 


Suffixes 69 


NJ affectionate diminutive for feminine names : 
Mario, J/ary ; Marinjo or Manjo, MWo//y ; patrino, 
mother; panjo, ma, mamma. 


UJ signifies that which bears, contains or pro- 
duces: kremo, cream; kremujo, a cream pitcher ; 
pomo, afp/e; pomujo, apple tree; turko, a furk; 
Turkujo, Zurkey. 


UM has no definite meaning: mano, hand; 
manumo, cuf; raalvarma, co/d; malvarmumi, 
to catch cold. 


UL indicates a person of the quality implied: 
granda, /arge; grandulo, a J/arge person; pia, 
pious ; piulo, a pious person. 

AG, a suffix indicating contempt or unworthiness, being 
the opposite of ind, is used by many Esperantists, though not 


yet officially authorized by Lingva Komitato. Example: 
hundo, dog; hunda€o, cur; pia, Azous ; pia€a, sanctimonious. 


ORDER OF AFFIXES 


The demand of logic is that the affix standing 
nearest the root frst attach its significance to the 
word: monto, mountain; montego, a /arge moun- 
tain; mont-eg-an-ar-o, a band of people of the 
large mountain; mont-ar-an-eg-o, a large moun- 
taineer ; mont-et-an-ar-eg-o, a large band of people 
of the hills. These are exaggerated illustrations, 
and simplicity is no less desirable in Esperanto 
than anywhere else. 


70 





THE CORRELATIVE WORDS 


Among the few original words of Esperanto — 
(the immense majority having been taken from 
living European languages) are forty-fivepronouns, _ 
adjectives, adverbs and conjunctive adverbs, so 
nicely correlated as to render most of them self- 
defining. . 


As to application, they have five significations, 
indicated by the beginnings: 


I, indefinite, signifying some or any. 

€, distributive or collective, signifying each, 
every, all. 

K, interrogative or relative, signifying what, 
which. 

NEN, negative, meaning none, no. 

T, demonstrative—haz. 


As to meaning, they have nine general signi- 
fications, indicated by nine endings: ia, ial, iam, 
ie, iel, ies, io, iom, iu. 


IA=K/JND OR QUALITY 
Adjectival 


Ia=Some kind of, any kind of, some, any. 
Cia=Lach kind of, each, every. 


Correlative Words 71 


Kia=What kind of, ....... Che aes 
Nenia=Wo kind of, no such a, no. 
Tia=That kind of, such a kind, such a. 


IAL=MOTIVE, REASON 
Adverbial 
Ial=For some reason, for some cause, for any 
cause. 

Cial=For every reason, all reasons. 
Kial—for what reason? Why, wherefore. 
Nenial—for no reason, for no cause. 
Tial=For that reason, for that cause, therefore. 


IAM=7/MVE 
Adverbial 


Iam=4A/? any time, some time, ever. 
Ciam=A/ all times, all the time, always. 
Kiam=A? what time? When. 
Neniam=A/ no time, never. 

Tiam=<A? that time, then. 


IE=PZLACE 
Adverbial 


Ie=Some place, any place, somewhere, anywhere. 
Cie=Lverywhere, in every place. 

Kie=J/n what place? Where. 

Nenie=/nz no place, nowhere. 

Tie=T7here, in that place. 


72 The American Esperanto J 







IEL—=MANNER 
Adverbial 


Iel=Jn some way, somehow, anyhow, in 
manner. ; 3 ai 
Ciel=/n every manner, every way, all ways, by 
all means. 
Kiel=/n what manner? How, as, like. — a. : 
Neniel=/n no manner, in no way, by no means, ‘ 


Tiel=/n that way, thus, so, as, like. 


IES=POSSESSTON 
Pronominal 
Ies=Somebody’s, anybody's, anyone’s. 
Cies=Lverybody’s, each one’s, everyone's, 
Kies= Whose. 
Nenies Woody's, no one’s. 
Ties=That one’s, such a person's. 


I10=7H/NG 
Substantival and Pronomtnas 
lo=Something, anything. 
Cio=Lverything, all things. all. 
Kio= What, which, that which. 
Nenio=WMothing. 
Tio=TZhat, that thing. 


Correlative Words 73 


IOM=QUANTITY 
Adverbial 
Iom=Some quantity, some, a little. 
Ciom=A¥, all of it, every quantity. 
Kiom—How much, how many, as. 
Neniom=WNo quantity, none. 
Tiom=TZhat much, that many, as many. 


IU=/NDIVIDUALITY 
Pronominal 
Iu=Anyone, anybody, some person. 
Ciu=Zveryone, each one, each, every. Ciuj, all, 
Kiu= Who, which, what one. 
Neniu=Wodody, no one. 
Tiu=That person, that one, that. 


€I, denoting proximity, is added to three 


demonstratives: tie @i, here, in this place ; tio Gi, 
this thing; tiu €i, this. 


A demonstrative and relative of the same 


series are used in comparisons: ‘Tiel bona kiel= 
As goodas. Tiom multe kiom=4s much as, as 
many as, so much as. Tia homo kia=Such a per- 
Son as. 


See Exercise 30 and accompanying notes. 


74 The American Esperanto Book 


CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION 


The present custom with regard to punctuation 
is for each writer to follow the methods of his own 
language, it being practically impossible to change 
the meaning of a sentence by punctuation, which is 
so frequently possible in English. The same lati- 
tude is permitted in the use of capital letters, but 
on this point Esperanto printers have arrived at 
certain seemingly international styles. The main 
points of variance between English and Esperanto 
in this respect are: 


Names of Countries begin with capitals, but 
the names of races, with the correlative adjectives 
and adverbs, do not: Francujo, /rance; franco, 
a Frenchman; franca, French; france, in French. 
The same rule applies to political parties, orders, 
churches, etc. The names of the days of the week 
are begun with small letters. 







if ee 


Order of Words "5 


ORDER OF WORDS 


Esperanto being intended for ready use by 
peoples of widely different language systems, it is 
indeed wise that it be so constructed that chang- 
ing the order of words would not, ordinarily, change 
the sense. 


La beleta infano senzorge rompis la novan ludilon., 
Senzorge rompts la beleta infano la novan ludilon, 
Beleta la infano novan laludilon senzorge rompis. 
Ludtlon la novan rompis senzorge lainfano beleta. 


This sentence, ““The pretty child carelessly 
broke the new toy,’’ cannot be erroneously trans- 
leted, whatever the word order. Although the. 
order first given is preferred, the others are not 
grammatically incorrect. On the whole, however, 
the order of words in Esperanto is so nearly the 
same as in English that the student may safely 
follow, at first, his natural inclinations. The 
Esperanto style will not be at all difficult to ac- 
quire, and may be attained much more easily by 
reading good literature than by memorizing rules. 





= Som site 
we 


76 The American Esperanto Book a = 


FOREIGN NAMES 


As rapidly as possible, all important proper 
names are being adopted into the Esperanto family 
and receiving an international spelling, Some of 
them are rendered according to sound, others ac- 
cording to meaning. Generally speaking, it would 
seem that the best Esperantists of a given nation 
are of necessity the authorities as to the spelling 
of names connected with their own land, as they 
are naturally more familiar with their origin and 
spirit. There is no apparent need of attempting 
to resolve into Esperanto the names of small towns - 
and affairs of local significance, unless they con- 
tain letters not found in the Esperanto alphabet. 


EXERCISES 


The following series of exercises belongs to the 
Fundamento de Esperanto. ‘They area part of the 
unchangeable foundation of the language, carefully 
arranged by Dr. Zamenhof, author of Esperanto. 
The compiler of this book has added the transla- 
tions and comment, with an occasional explanatory 
word accompanying the vocabularies. 


The learner may begin the study of the Exer- 
cises without going at length into the foregoing 
discussion of the Grammar, but will find the latter 
useful for reference and review. 


How to Study 


Persons studying in classes will devise methods 
adapted to their needs and convenience, but to the 
person studying alone a few suggestions may prove 
of value. Go over carefully, all least twice, all 
that is said herein on pronunciation. Then take 
up, in their order, the Exercises. 


Pronounce the words aloud, for this will help 
to familiarize the sense of hearing, though you hear 
only your own voice; you will thus be able to con- 
verse with the first Esperantist whom you meet. 


Memorize each vocabulary as you proceed. A 
good plan is to memorize also the names of famil- 








78 | Asichican ‘ Biscrdaie Book 


iar objects seen every day, and form senter 

addressed to or about them as you see n 

Learn to name them in Esperanto at sight. a 
When you have finished the Exercises, subscribe 


seat 
to at least one Esperanto journal, where you bik f 
find announcements concerning a great assortment — 
of books, as well as addresses of persons who wish” 


to correspond in the language. 


EXERCISE 1 


Before attempting this Exercise, please read 
very carefully Page 7 and those following, on pro- ~— 
nunciation. So many persons have asked that this 
book contain eyed words showing pronunciation 
that this is attempted here. The student must 
realize that the puzzling added consonants are 
‘frequently inserted only tocertify the vowel sound; 
and especially note that ef signifies a sound be- 
tween long a and short ¢. The accented syllable, 
marked ’ , is always the one next to the last. 


Al. Ba’-lo. Nu’-bo. Ce-lo.  Ci-tro’-no. 


ahl bah-lo noo-bo tse-lo tsee-tro-no 
Sen’-to. Sci’-o. Co’-lo. Ko’-lo. O-fi-ci’-ro. 
tsehn-to stsee-o tso-lo ko-lo oh-fee-tsee-ro 


Fa-ci’-la. La’-ca. Pa-cu-lo. Car. Ce-mi’zo. 
fah-tsee-lah lah-tsah pah-tsoo-lo char cheh-mee-zo 


Ci-ka’-no. Ci-e'-lo. Cu. Fe-li’-@a. Ci’-a. Ci’-a. 
chee-kah-no chee-eh-lo choo feh-lee-chah tsee-ah chee-ah 


Lxercises 79 


Pro-ce’-so. Sen-@e’sa. Ec. E@. Ek. Da. Lu’-do. 
pro-tseh-so ~ sehn-cheh-sah ehts ehch ehk dah loo-do 


Den’-to. Plen’-di. El. En. De. Te’-ni. Sen. 
dehn-to © plehn-dee ehl ehn deh teh-ni.  sehn 


Ve'-ro. Fa’-li. Fi-de’-la. Tra’-fi. Ga’-lo. Gran’- 
veh-ro. fah-lee fee-deh-lah trah-fee. gah-lo grahn- 


da. Gen’-to. Gip’-so. Gus’-to. Le’-gi. Pa’-go. 
dah gehn-to  geep-so goos-to leh-gee pah-go 


Pa’-Z0. -Le’-@0. Gis. Gus’-ta. Re’-@i. Gar-de’-no. 
pah-jo leh-jo jees joos-tah reh-jee jar-deh-no 


-Lon’-ga. Reg’-no. Sig’-ni. Gvar-di’-o. Lin’-gvo. 
lohn-gah rehg-no seeg-nee  gvar-dee-o leen-gvo 


Gu-a’-do. Ha’-ro. Hi-run’-do. Ha’-ki. Ne-he’-la. 
joo-ah-do hah-ro hee-roon-do _hah-kee ne-heh-lah 


Pac-ho’-ro. Ses-ho’ra. Bat-hu’-fo. Ho’-ro. Ho’-ro. 
pahts-hoh-ro sehs-hoh-rah baht-hoo-fo hoh-ro hho-ro 


Ko-le’ ro. Ho-le’-ro. He-mi’-o. I-mi’-ti. Fi’-lo. 
koh-leh-ro ho-leh-ro hfe-mee-o ee-mee-tee fee-lo 


Bir’-do. Tro’-vi. Prin-tem’-po. Min. Fo-ir’o. 
beer-do troh-vee preen-tehm-po meen foh-ee-ro 


Fe-i’-no. I’-el. I'-am. In. Jam. Ju. Jes. Ju- 
feh-ee-noo ee-ehl- ee-ahm een yahm yoo yehs yoo- 


ris’-to. Kra-jo’-no. Ma-jes’-ta. Tuj. Do’-moj. 
rees-to krah-yo-no mah-yehs-tah _tooy doh-moy 


Ru-i’-no. Pruj/-no. Ba-la’-i. Pa’-laj. De-i’-no. 
roo-ee-no prooy-no bah-lah-ee pah-ligh deh-ee-no 


Vej’-no. Pe-re’-i. Mal’-plej. Jus’-ta. Jus. Je’-ti. 
vay-no peh-reh-ee mahl-play zhoos-tah zhoos zheh-tee 


Ja-lu’-za. Jur-na’-lo. Ma’-jo. Bo-na’-jo: Ka'-po. 
zhah-loo-zah zhoor-nah-lo mah-yo bo-nah-zho kah-po 


80 The American Esperanto. Book 





Ma-ku’-lo. Kes’-to. Su-ke’-ro. Ak’-vo. Ko-ke!to, aye 
ma-koo-lo kehs-to soo-keh-ro  ahk-vo 


Li-kvo’-ro. Pac-ka’-po. =a 
lee-kvo-ro pahts-kah-po Vans 


EXERCISE 3° 

La’-vi. Le-vi'lo. Pa-ro’-li. Mem. Im-pli’-ki. 
Em-ba-ra’-so. No’-mo. In-di-fe-ren’-ta. In-ter-na- 
ci’-a. Ol. He-ro’-i. He-ro-i’-no. Foj/-no. Pi'-a. 
Pal’-pi. Ri-pe’-ti. Ar-ba’-ro. Sa’ma.  Sta’ri. 
Si-ge’-lo. Sis-te’-mo. Pe-si’-lo. Pe-zi’-lo. Sen’-ti. 
So-fis’mo. Ci-pre’-so. Si. Pa’-80. Sta’-lo. Sta’-lo. 


Ve$’-to. Ves’-to. Dis-$i’ri. San-ce’-li. Ta-pi’-So. 
vehsh-to vehss-to. dees-shee-ree shahn-tseh-lee ta-pee-sho 


Te-o-ri’-o. Pa-ten’-to. U-ti’-la. Un’-go. Plu’-mo. 
Tu-mul’to. Plu. Lu’-i.. Ki’-u. Ba-la’-u. Tra-u’- 
lo. Pe-re’-u. Ne-u’-lo. Fraii’-lo. Pai-li’-no. 
Lai’-di. Eii-ro’-po Tro-u’zi. Ho-di'-ati. Va'-na. 


lahw-di ehw-roh-po tro-oo-zee hoh-dee-ow vah-nah 
Ver'so. Sol’-vi. Zor’-gi. Ze-ni'to. Zo-0-lo-gi-o. 
A-ze’no. Me-zu’-ro. Na’-zo. Tre-zo’-ro. Mez- 


nok’to. Zu’-mo. Su’-mo. Zo’-no. So’-no. Pe’-zo. 


®One of the numbered sections of the Ekzercaro is omitted 
here, the matter being found in the beginning of this book. 


Exercises 81 


Pe’-co. Pe’-so. Ne-ni’-o. A-di’ati. Fi-zi'-ko. 
Ge-o-gra-fi'-o. Spi-ri'to. Lip-ha’ro. In-dig-'ni. 
Ne-ni’-el. Spe-gu’-lo. Spi’-no. Ne’-i. Re’-e. He- 
ro’-o. Kon-sci’-i. Tra-e-te’-ra. He-ro-e’-to. Lu’-e. 
Mo’-le. Pa’-le. Tra-i’-re. Pa-si’-e. Me-ti’-o. In- 


®e-ni-e’-ro. In-sek’-to. Re-ser’-vi. Re-zer-vi. 


EXERCISE 4 


Pronounce carefully the following words, giving 
attention to the division into syllables, which is 
not marked. Always speak slowly and clearly, 
never slurring a sound or leaving a letter “silent’’: 


Citrono. Cento. Sceno. Scio. Balau. Sanceli. 
Neniel. Embaraso. Zoologio. Reservi. Traire. 
Hodiati. DisSiri. Ne-u-lo. Majesta. Packapo. 
Heroino. Pezo. Internacia. Seshora. Cipreso. 
Stalo. Feino. Plu. Sukero. Gento. Indigni. 
Sigelo. Krajono. Ruino. Pesilo. Lipharo. Me- 
tio. Gardeno. Sono. Latidi. Pale. Facila. In- 
sekto. Kiu. Zorgi. Cikano. Traetera. Sofismo. 
Domoj._Spino. Majo. Signi. Ec. Bonajo. Legi. 


Iel. Juristo. Cielo. 


82 The American Esperanta 






EXERCISE 5 
patro, father. kolombo, dove. 
kaj, and. birdo, dird. Se 
frato, drother. aparteni, /o delong to. — 
leono, Zion. al, Zo. s 
esti, Zo de. suno, sun. 
besto, deas? brili, 70 shine. 
r0ZO, rose. sana, well, healthy. 
floro, flower. tajloro, /ailor. 


la, “he (definite article). 

o, substantive (noun) ending. 
a, adjective ending 

as, verb ending, present tense. 


‘Patro kaj frato. *Leono estas besto. *Rozo 
estas floro kaj kolombo estas birdo. ‘La rozo — 
apartenas al Teodoro. °La suno brilas. *La* patro 
estas sana. 'La® patro estas tajloro.” 


®The use of la here signifies a definite father; the father of 
whom we have been speaking; my father, your father, etc. 


>After esti in all its forms the noun is nominative. 


TRANSLATION 5 


1A father and a brother. *A lion is a beast. 
* A rose is a flower, and a dove (or pigeon) is a 
bird. ‘The rose belongs to Theodore. °The sun 
shines. °(The) father is healthy. ‘’(The) father 
is a tailor. : 


The American Esperanto Book 83 


EXERCISE 6 


infano, child. 
matura, mature, ripe. 
jam, already. 

plori, 40 mourn, weep. 
blua, dZue. 

libro, dock. 

sur, on, upon. 

kuSi, ¢o “Ze (down). 
plumo, fez 

pomo, apple. 

mi, /. 

tero, carth. 


ne, zo7. 

homo, man (general 
for human being). 

Gielo, heaven, sky. 

kie, where, 

krajono, sencil. 

tablo, zad/e. 

fenestro, window. 

jen, lo, behold 

kiu, who. 

trovi, fo find. 

Stono, szone. 


n, ending of accusative (objective). 
is, verb ending, past tense. 


‘Infano ne® estas matura homo”. 


* La infano 


jam° ne ploras. *La @ieloestas blua. * Kie estas la 


“In Esperanto, the negative word precedes the verb, and 
usually precedes other words to which it belongs, though not 
always: tute ne=vzot quite, certe ne=certainly not. 


>bHomo, a human being, man in general; viro, a maz, virino, 


a woman, 


‘Jam ne=already not. Jam is used with much greater fre- 
quency than the word already in English, and it is ‘well for 
the student carefully to study the sense wherever it is found, 






84 The American Eibsaute: oar 


libro kaj la krajono? *La libro estas sur “1a ‘al 
kaj la krajono ku$as sur la fenestro. ‘Sur la fer 
estro ku$as krajono kaj plumo. "Jen ® estas pomo, — 
* Jen estas la pomo, kiun‘ mitrovis. *Sur la tero 


kuSas $tono. ve 
: b 4 


' 4&See, in list of prepositions, the uses of sur. Esperanto — 
prepositions require careful study. 


"Jen means behold. It translates with equal precision bina : 
English phrases here zs and yonder is. 


*Kiun is here in the accusative (objective) case, being the - 
object of trovis. Pomo is the subject of estas, which (See 
Note b, Exercise 5) cannot be followed by an accusative. To 
understand precisely why kiun is accusative, let us remember 
that it is a pronoun and stands for pomo. If we render the 
‘sentence Jen estas pomo, pomon mi trovis, the reason for the 
accusative becomes clearer. Kiu is frequently thus placed in 
accusative by verbs which follow it. 


TRANSLATION 6 


*A child is not a mature man. *The child no~ 
longer (already not) cries. *The sky is blue. 
“Where are the book and the pencil? ° The book is 
upon the table and the pencil lies upon the window. 
*Upon the window lie a pencil and a pen. " Here 
is an apple. *Here is the apple which I found. 

* On the ground lies a stone. 


American Esperanto Book 85 


EXERCISE 7 
forta, strong. dento, /ooth. 
de, of, dy, from. akra, sharp. 
doni, give. mano, hand. 
vidi, Zo see. resti, Zo stay, remain. 
kun, with. dangero, danger. 
kuraga, brave, daritg. rajdi, to ride. 
paroli, zo speak. pri, about, concerning. 


j, sign of the plural. 

e, adverb ending. 

i, verb ending, infinitive mode. 
u, verb ending, imperative mode. 


?Leono estas forta. *La dentoj de leono estas 
akraj*. *Al leono ne donu la manon. * Mi vidas 
leonon. *°Resti” kun leono estas dan@ere®. ° Kiu 
kura@as rajdi sur leono? ‘ Mi parolas pri leono. 


®"Observe that the adjective, akraj, is in the plural form, as 
the noun to which it refers is plural. 


Infinitive verb; has no subject, no tense or time of action. 
For amy person, at avy time, to stay with alion, is dangerous. 


*Here, the word danfere takes the adverbial form (ending 
e) not because it is adverbial in sense, to be translated daz- 
gerousiy, but because it has no noun, the subject of this 
sentence being the verb, resti. Should we say leono estas 
dangera, the adjective form would be used, 


TRANSLATION 7 


*A lion is strong. *The teeth of a lion are 
sharp. *Do not give your hand toa lion. ‘I see 
a lion. °*To remain with a lion is dangerous. 
°*Who dares to ride on a lion? ‘I am speaking 
about a lion. 





EXERCISE 8 
bona, good. éapelo, hat. 
diri, Zo say. ke, ‘hat (conjunction). 
diligenta, diligent. ami, Zo Jove. 
veni, /o come. kune, /ogether. 
filo, son. stari, /o stand. 


apud, near, close by. pura, clean, pure. 
koni, to know (to be pano, dread. 
acquainted with). mani, Zo eat. 


per, dy means of. buSo, mouth. 
flari, Zo sme/1. nazo, nose. 
antat, defore. domo, ouse. 
arbo, /ree. éambro, room. 


‘La® patro estas bona. * Jen ku$as la Gapelo de 
la patro. *Diru al” la patro, ke mi estas diligenta. 
*Mi amas la patron. ° Venu kune® kun la patro. 
* La filo staras apud la patro. "La mano de Johano 
estas pura. *Mi konas Johanon. * Ludovicko, donu 
al‘? mi panon. * Mi manf@as per la bu$o kaj flaras 
per® la nazo. “ Antati la domo staras arbo. “La _ 
patro estas en la Gambro. 


®“See Note a, Exercise 5. 


»Diru al=7e// to. The preposition al is used in expressions 


such as sfeak to, recount to, etc. 


American Esperanto Book 87 


*Kune kun=7ogether with. Here, a word isrepeated with. 
no apparent purpose other than that of emphasis. This is 
often done with prepositions, especially in connection with 
verbs, See Note c, Exercise 31. 


4Note again that the preposition is followed by the nomina- 
tive case. Literally, this would read give to Tbread. ’Panon 
is in the accusative case from the verb, donu. 


°Find, on Page 54, the proper uses of per. 


TRANSLATION 8 


1 (The) father is good. * Here lies father’s hat. 
3 Tell (to the) father that I am industrious. ‘I 
love (the) father. °Come with your father. *The 
son stands near the father. ‘John’s hand is clean. 
*T know John. °*Ludovick, give me [some] bread. 
T eat with the [my] mouth and smell with the 
[my] nose. ~“ Before the house stands a tree. 
” The [my] father is in the room. 


It is suggested that the student review the pre- 
ceding exercises, read again all that is said about 
sounds and pronunciation in the beginning of this 
book and test his pronunciation by tne rules. It 
is much easier to correct errors before they, shall 
have become habits, 


88 American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 9 
flugi, /o jiy. kanti, /o sing. 
agrabla, agreead/e. akvo, water. 
€ar, decause, for. ili, hey. 
voli, 0 wish, to will. trinki, ¢o drink. 
knabo, doy. for, forth, out. 
peli, pursue, chase out. ni, we. 
okulo, eye. aiudi, to hear. 
orelo, car. lerni, /o /earn. 
tial, therefore. bati, Zo deat. 
ricevi, /o get, obtain. avo, grandfather. 
iri, 40 go. nun, ow. 
onklo, uncle. legi, ¢o read. 
sed, dut. li, Ae. 


letero, /e/ter (missive) litero, /e¢ter(a,b,c, etc.) 
skribi, /o write. 


‘La birdoj flugas. *La kanto de* la birdoj 
estas agrabla. * Donu al la birdoj akvon, @ar ili 
volas trinki. ‘Laknabo forpelis” la birdojn®. *Ni 
vidas per la okuloj kaj atidas per la oreloj. ‘*Bonaj 
infanoj lernas diligente. ‘Aleksandro ne volas 
lerni, kaj tial mi batas Aleksandron. * De la patro 
mi ricevis libron, kaj de‘ la frato mi ricevis plu- 
mon. * Mi venas de la avo, kaj mi iras nun al la 


_ American Esperanto Book 89 


onklo. ‘Milegas libron. “La patro ne legas 
libron, sed li skribas © leteron. 


®The article here is used in a sense not known to English. , 
It refers to birds generally—the song of birds. La is used 
with the plural form in speaking of a species or race: La 
birdoj, d77ds in general; la homoj, mankind in general. Of 
a science or trade, we use the singular form, with the article: 
Science, la scienco; medicine, la medicino. 


PA preposition may thus be joined to any verb, modifying 
its meaning: Iri, to go; foriri, to leave, to go away; eniri, 
to enter, to go into; preteriri, to go past. 


©The sign of the accusative case follows that of the plural. 


“De is translated by several English prepositions. See exam- 
ples of da and de, Page 50. 


°Skribas may be translated wrztes or ts writing, according 


* tosense. See The Verb, Indicative Mode. 


TRANSLATION 9 


*Birds fly. *The song of birds is pleasing. 
* Give the birds water, as they wish to drink. *The 
boy drove away the birds. °We see with (by 
means of) the eyes and hear with the ears. * Good 
children learn diligently. ‘Alexander does not 
want to learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. 
*From the [my] father I received a book, and 
from the [my] brother I received a pen. *I come 
from the [my] grandfather and am going now to 
the [my] uncle. I am reading a book. ™ Father 
is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter. 


90 


*. 


EXERCISE 10 


papero, paper. 
kajero, copy-book. 
frailo, unmarried man. 
doléa, sweet. 
mia, my. 
bela, dcautiful. © 
obstina, obstinate. 
vi, you. 

sinjoro, sir, Mr. 
Zoji, to rejoice. 
kia, what kind, what a. 
en, 77. 

nokto, night. 
pala, fale. 

stelo, sar. 

pli, more. 

nutri, /o nourish. 
vino, wine. 

fre8a, fresh. 

el, from, out from. 
plej, most. 

tiel, thus, so. 
kiel, as, how. 


saga, wise. 


The American Esperanto Book 






= 4 a) 


blanka, white, 
juna, young. 3 
fratlino, diss, Be 
rakonti, fo tell, relote. 
amiko, friend. “4 
historio, story, history. 
deziri, /o desire. 

tago, day. 

mateno, morning. 

festi, o make a festival. 
hodiat, /oday. 

hela, clear, glaring. 
nokto, night. ; 
luno, moon. 

nego, snow. 

lakto, milk. 

ol, than. 

havi, /o have. 

erari, /o err. 

@iu, cach, every one. 

éiuj, a//. 

Si, oneself, 

Sia, one’s. 


in, suffix of the feminine, 
mal, prefix of contrary, opposite, 


Lixercises gt! 


’Papero estas blanka. * Blanka papero ku§as 
sur la tablo. *La blanka papero jam ®* ne ku$as sur 
la tablo. * Jen estas la kajero de” la juna fraiilino. 
51a patro donis al mi dol¢@an pomon. ° Rakontu 
_al® mia juna amiko belan historion. ‘Mi ne amas 
obstinajn® homojn. * Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon, 
sinjoro! *Bonan matenon®! * Gojan feston! (mi 
deziras al vi). “Kia @oja festo! (estas hodiait). 
Sur la Gielo staras la bela suno. “En la tago ni 
vidas la helan sunon, kaj en‘ la nokto ni vidas la 
palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn. “La papero estas 
tre blanka, sed la® ne@o estas pli blanka, “ Lakto 
estas pli nutra, ol vino. * Mi havas pli® fregan 
panon, ol vi. ‘Ne, vi eraras, sinjoro; via pano 
estas malpli fre$a, ol mia. "El! ¢iuj miaj infanoj 
Ernesto estas la plej juna. ** Mi estas tiel forta, 
kiel? vi. * El Giuj siaj * fratoj Antono estas la mal- 
plej saga. 


"See Note c, Exercise 6. 


>Esperanto nouns form the possessive case with the help of 
the preposition de: La libro de la knabo=7zhe boy's book. 


‘Imperative mode, signifying, here, a command or request. 
This mode has other uses. See Page 34. 


Adjectives agree with their nouns in number and case. 
There is an exception—see The Adjective. 


®Bonan matenon is accusative here, the verb being omitted, 
but understood. Mi deziras al vi bonan matenon=/ wish you 
good morning. Bonan tagon!=Good day/ 







92 The American Esperanto Book 
fAs in English, this preposition may be en (im) or 
(during). J 
®See Note a, Exercise 9. 
See Comparison, Page 25. 
'E] means of, out of, from among. 





ITiel....... kiel. These are correlative words, the first being - 
demonstrative and the second relative. They are translated 
WEP sdut coe ene ee Peet as, etc. a z 


«For full explanation of the uses of si, sin, sia, see Reflexive : 
Pronoun, Page 27, and also examples in Exercise 18. 


TRANSLATION 10 


?Paper is white. *White paper lies upon the 
table. *The white paper no longer lies upon the 
table. ‘Here is the young lady’s copy - book. 
‘Father gave me a sweet apple. *Tell my young — 
friend a pretty story. ‘I donot like obstinate people. — 
*I wish you good day, sir! *Good morning! “A 
joyous festival! (I wish you). “What a joyous 
festival! (there is today). “In (on) the sky 
stands the beautiful sun, ‘In the day we see the 
bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and 
beautiful stars. 7° Paper is very white, but snow 
is whiter. °° Milk is more nourishing than wine. 
*T have fresher bread than you. ‘No, you are 
wrong, sir; your bread is less fresh than mine, 
® Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. “I 
am as strong as you. * Of all his [the] brothers, 
Anthony is the least wise. 


Lxercises 93 


EXERCISE 11 


feino, fairy. unu, one. 

vidvo, widower. du, ‘wo. 

simila, /éke, similar. karaktero, character. 
vizago, face. povi, can, to be able. 
pensi, Zo think. ambau, o/h. 

fiera, proud. oni, one, people, they. 
vivi, 0 live. plena, full, complete. 
portreto, portrait. lat, according to. 
honesta, Aones?. krom, Jdesides. 

< ec, suffix denoting abstract quality: 


bona, 2vod; boneco, goodness. 


La Feino 


? Unu® vidvino havis du filinojn. *La pli mal- 
juna estis tiel simila al la patrino per sia karaktero 


kaj vizafo, ke Giu, kiu Sin vidis, povis pensi, ke li 


*Unu here is not an indefinite article, neither is it precisely 
definite. In Exercise 12, Sentence 5, we have: El Siaj mul- 
taj infanoj, unuj estas bonaj=Of her many children, some 
[certain ones] ave good. The good children receive more or 
less of definite identification from unuj. 


RS American Bsperan : 







patro lati sia boneco kaj honesteco, estis sone t 
unu el la plej belaj knabinoj, kiujn oni povis ro 


the more agreeable idea is usually expressed by the root wend. ord 
and the opposite by means of mal, it ane one ed 
bad: Alta, high, malalta, low, forta, strong, malforta, weak. 


TRANSLATION 11 


*A certain widow had two daughters. *The 6 
older was so like her mother in character and face 
that every one who saw her might think that he 
saw (sees) the mother; they were both so dis- 
agreeable and proud that one could not live with 
them. * The younger daughter, who was the exact 
image of her father in her goodness and honesty, 
was, in addition to that, one of the most beautiful 
girls that one could find. | 


Exercises 95 


EXERCISE 12 


multe, much. fari, 40 do, to make. 
nur, only. promeni, ¢o walk. 
tri, three. hundo, @ dog. 
Gio, everything. dek, zen. 

fingro, finger. alia, other. 

kvin, five. sep, seven. 

kvar, four. ok, eight. 

mil, ¢housand. cent, Aundred. 
nau, wine. ses, szx. 

minuto, minute. horo, hour. 
konsisti (el), consist of sekundo, second. 
Januaro, /anuary. monato, month. 
Aprilo, Afri. jaro, year. 


Novembro, November. semajno, week. 
Decembro, December. Dio, God. 
Februaro, February. elekti, choose, elect. 


Gi, Zz. sankta, oly. 
krei, 0 create. dato, daze. 
Marto, March. naski, ¢o dear, produce. 


it, sign of past participle: 
am.-it-e, deen loved. 


1 Du homoj povas pli® multe” fari olunu. * Mi 


*Pli multe ol=Literally, more much than. It should be 
remembered that pli is merely a word of comparison: Pli 
granda=/arger, ‘“‘more large’; pli malgranda=smailer, 
‘more smali,” 


. ™ 





96 The American Esperanto Book 


havas nur unu bu$on, sed mi havas du orelojn. ie 
*Li promenas kun tri hundoj. ‘Li faris ¢ion per — 


la dek fingroj de siaj® manoj. °El Siaj multaj 


infanoj unuj* estas bonaj kaj aliaj estas malbonaj. 
* Kvin kaj sep faras dek du. *Dek kaj dek faras 
dudek. *Kvar kaj dek ok faras dudek du. ° Tri- 
dek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. *°Mil okcent 
naiidek tri. ™Li havas dek unu infanojn. ™ Ses- 
dek minutoj faras unu horon, kaj unu minuto kon- 
sistas el® sesdek sekundoj. *Januaro estas la unua 
monato de la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara, Novembro 
estas la dek-unua, Decembro estas la dek-dua. 
**La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindek- 
unua tago de la jaro. “La sepan tagon dela 
semajno Dio elektis, ke @i estu’ pli sankta, ol la ses 
unuaj tagoj. *“Kion Dio kreis en la sesa tago? 
” Kiun daton* ni havas? *™ Hodiati estas la dudek 
sepa tago de Marto. ™Georgo Va$ington estis 
naskita la dudek duan” de Februaro de la jaro mil 
sepcent tridek dua’. 


>This use of multe is quite confusing to the beginner. The 
final e frequently has a neutral rather than an adverbial sense. 
Multaj birdoj, multo da birdoj and multe da birdoj all mean 
about the same, the adverbial form being most often used. 
This is similarly true of kelke da, which is used instead of 
kelkaj. 


Exercises o7 


°Be sure that you understand the use of this pronoun. See 
Reflexive Pronoun, Page 27. 


4See Note a, Exercise 11. 
*See El, Page 5r1. 


tNote that the imperative form is used in a subjunctive 
clause indicating purpose. See /mperative Mode, Page 34. 


&What date have we? Instead of How old are you? the 
Esperanto query is What age have you? 


See Rules of the Grammar, XIV, Page 17. Neither sur 
(on), €e (at) nor en (zz)expresses the sense, so we can use je 
or the accusative without a preposition. 


'The adjective ending denotes the ordinal numeral. We ~ 
say, in English, Vinxeteen hundred and seven. In Esperanto 
the sense is always 7he nineteen-hundred-and-seventh. 


TRANSLATION 12 


‘Two men can do morethan one. *I have only 
one mouth, but I have two ears. * He takes a walk 
with three dogs. * He did everything with the ten 
fingers of his hands. ° Of her many children, some 
are good and others are bad. ° Five and seven 
make twelve. ’Ten and ten make twenty. * Four 
and eighteen make twenty-two. ° Thirty and forty- 
five make seventy-five. ‘One thousand, eight 
hundred and ninety-three. “He has eleven chil- 


dren. Sixty minutes make one hour, and one 
hour consists of sixty seconds. “January is the 










eae month of she yeas April isthe ourth 
ber is the eleventh, December is the twelf : 
twentieth day of February is the fifty- -first ¢ 
the year. “The seventh day of the week C 
selected to be more holy than the first six da 
** What did God create on the sixth day? “VW 


Exercises 99 


EXERCISE 13 


datiri, Zo continue. ordinara, ordinary. 
persono, a person. tiu, zhat. 

varma, warm. sama, same. 
tempo, /ime. teruro, Zerror. 
kontrat, against. devi, ought. 

kuiri, ¢o cook. labori, zo /abor. 
sen, without, éesi, fo cease. 
inter, defween, among. afero, affair, matter. 
éerpi, 7o draw. tre, very. 
proksima, zear. loko, place. 

porti, fo carry. kruéo, pitcher. 


ig, suffix, meaning /o0 cause to be: pura, pure; 
purigi, puri/y. 

eg, suffix of increased degree: granda, large; 
grandega, immense. 

ej, suffix indicating ‘the place devoted to: lerni, 
to learn; lernejo, a school. 

ad, suffix showing continued action: spiri, to 
breathe; spirado, breathing. 

n, sign of accusative case. 

€i, denotes proximity: tie, here; tie @i, here; 
tio, that; tio Gi, this. 

fojo, ‘time’: unu fojo, one time, once; du fojoj, 
twice. 


La Feino 

(Daiirigo) 
1€ar €¢iu amas ordinare personon, kiu estas 
simila al li*, tial tu Gi patrino varmege amis sian 
pli maljunan filinon, kaj en tiu? sama tempo $i 







100 The American Esperanto Book 


havis teruran malamon kontraii® la pli juna. *$ 
devigis Sin man@i en la kuirejo kaj laboradi se 
€ese. “Inter aliaj aferoj tiu ¢@i malfeli¢a infano 
devis du fojojn* en Giu tago iri ¢erpi akvon en tre 
malproksima loko kaj alporti domen® plenan 
grandan kru€on. 


*Li, here. and not si, because if si were used it would refer 
to kiu, which is the subject of this clause, and again refers to 
persono, the person who is loved. In the same sentence sian 
is used because it refers to the subject of the phrase in iS 
it appears. 


>Tiu sama tempo=7hat same time. Esperanto often uses — 
a demonstrative adjective or pronoun instead of la. 


*Malamon kontrai=Vatred against. Inasimilar sense we 
would use, in English, for or toward. 


“Accusative because an implied preposition is omitted. Je 
du fojoj—or two times. This is also written dufoje. 


*Domen; literally, housewardly, Again we see the ready 
use of the adverbial form. Were the noun. domon used here - 
it might mean that the poor girl. in addition to her other bur- 
dens, was carrying the house! Domen has the accusative end- 
ing to show direction—/oward the house. See Rule XI/I, ' 


TRANSLATION 13 
The Fairy (Continued ) 


* As every one ordinarily loves a person who is 
like him [self], therefore this mother ardently loved 
her elder daughter, and at the same time she had 
a terrible hatred against the younger. *She com- 
pelled her to eat in the kitchen and to work inces- 
santly. *Among other things this unhappy child 
had to go, twice every day, to draw water in a very 
distant place, and carry home, full, a large pitcher. 


Exercises IoL 


EXERCISE 14 


urbo, sown. lofi, to lodge, reside. 
aéeti, ¢o duy. au, or. 

kulero, spoon. forko, fork. 

re, dack, again. mono, money. 
danki, ¢o thank. por, for. 

peti, request, ask. ankau, adso. 

post, after, behind. kiam, when. 
bezoni, /o need, want. pagi, fo pay. 

S8tofo, goods, stuff. kosti, Zo cost. 

éiam, a/ways. jeti, to throw. 
venki, 40 conquer. pago, page. 

se, if. fini, fo end, to finish. 


tuta, whole, entire. 

da, of; used after words expressing weight or 
measure. 

prunti, ¢o /end or borrow; prunte doni, to give 
as a loan; prunte preni, Zo ¢ake as a loan. 

ant, ending of active participle, present tense: 
amante, Joving, being now loving. 

obl, ......fold: duobla, ‘wofold, double. 

op, suffix of collective numeral: duope, 4y or 
in twos; two together. 

on, suffix of fractionals: duono, a//. 


* Mi havas cent pomojn. * Mi havas centon*da 
pomoj. *Tiu éi urbo havas milionon da logantoj. 


"Centon. The cardinal numerals are not changed. When 
we say cento, milo, dekduo, etc., we have substantives, which 
take the regular case and number changes. The two forms 
are used interchangeably. Mil homoj, milo da homoj, are 
both correct. 









102 The American Esperanto Book. 
*Mi aéetis dekduon (aii dek-duon) da kuleroj | 
du dekduojn da forkoj. ‘Mil jaroj (ait milo da 
jaroj) faras miljaron. *Unue mi redonas al vila 
monon, kiun vi pruntis al mi; due mi dankas vin 1 
por la prunto; trie? mi petas vin ankati poste 
prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos monon. ‘Por @iu 
tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiatia 
tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon, t. e. (=tio estas) 
dek frankojn. *Kvinoble® sep estas tridek kvin. 
*Tri estas duono de ses. * Ok estas kvar kvinonoj 
de dek. “ Kvar metroj da‘ tiu ¢i $tofo kostas nati 
frankojn ; tial du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon 
frankojn (ati da frankoj). ™Unu tago estas tri- 
cent-sesdek-kvinono aii tricent-sesdek-sesono de 


4 
(> 


jaro. * Tiuj ¢i du amikoj promenas ¢iam duope®. 
“Kvinope ili sin jetis sur min, sed mi venkis la 
kvin atakantojn. * Por miaj kvar infanoj mi a€etis 
dek du pomojn, kaj al Giu el la infanoj mi donis po* 
tri pomoj. ™Tiu @i libro havas sesdek pafojn; 
tial, se mi legos® en Giu tago po dek kvin pafoj, 
mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj. 

»Note the addition of e to form adverbial ordinals: Unue, 
due, trie=/irstly, secondly, thirdly. 


*Suffix of multiplication, -obl-: Unuobla, single, duobla, 
double. See again the use of the adverbial ending. This has 
a neutral significance (Note b, Exercise 12). Kvinoble sep 
has a noun value and is the subject of the sentence. 


Exercises 103 


4Da. This preposition, translated of, is used with words 
indicating quantity, weight, measure, etc. See Da, De, P. 50. 


°The collective suffix of Esperanto has no exact English 
equivalent. Duope, triope—Ay twos, by threes. 


Po means.at the rate of. For distinction between po and 
por, see Page 55. 


Here, although the sentence is conditional in sense, the 
conditional mode is not used. After se, the endings as, os 
and is are frequently used. 


TRANSLATION 14 


‘I have one hundred apples. *I have a hundred 
“‘of?? apples. * This city has a million of inhab- 
itants. *I bought a dozen spoons and two dozen 
forks. °A thousand years (or, a thousand of years) 
make a millenium. ‘First, I return to you the 
money which you lent me; second, I thank you for 
the loan; third, I ask you also to lend to me after- 
wards, when I shall need money. ‘For each dayI 
receive five francs, but for today I receive double 
pay, that is, ten francs. *Five times seven is 
thirty-five. ° Three is half of six. *° Eight is four- 
fifths of ten. “Four meters of this material 
cost nine francs; therefore two meters cost four 
and a half francs (or of francs). “One dayisa 








104 The American Esperanto Book 


three-hundred-and-sixty-fifth, ora thre: kasdeadl | : 
and-sixty-sixth, of a year. ™These two friends — 
always walk (two) together. “Five together they 7 
threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five 7 
assailants. “For my four children I bought twelve 
apples, and to each of them I gave af the rate of 
three apples. * This book has sixty pages ; there- — 
fore, if I read at the rate of fifteen pages every 
day, I shall finish the entire book in four days. 


Exercises 105 


EXERCISE 15 


fonto, source. riéa, rich ; 
volonte, w7//ingly. tuj, zmmediately. 
lavi, #0 wash. sub, under, beneath. 
teni, 70 hold, grasp. oportuna, opportune. 
trankvila, guie?. soifi, Zo thirst. 
donaci, make a present. preni, Zo take. 
preni, /o fake. formo, form. 
vilago, village. Zentila, solite. 

ée, at. 


viro, a man. This word is used as a suffix to 
designate the male of animals: bovviro, kokviro. 


La Feino (Daiirigo ). 


‘En unu® tago, kiam $i estis apud tiu fonto, 
venis al 8i malriéa virino, kiu petis Sin, ke $i donu 
al si trinki®. *‘*Tre volonte, mia bona,”’ diris la 


"See Note a, Exercise 11. Here, in both Esperanto and 
English, we do not use. ome in a numerical sense, but as a 
semi-definite article. 


>Five times in this sentence $i occurs. At first, the student 
might think that si could besubstituted somewhere, but observe 
that in each instance the action or thought passes from one 
person to the other: The woman came to the girl and asked 
the g77/ that the gz7/ give a drink to the woman. 






* 8S 


106 The American Esperanto Book 


bela knabino. *Kaj $i tuj lavis sian* kruéon kaj — 
€erpis akvon en la plej pura loko de la fonto kaj ik 
alportis® al la virinon, ¢iam subtenante’ la kru€on, _ 
por ke la virino povu trinki pli oportune. ‘Kiam — 
la bona virino trankviligis sian soifon, $i diris al — 
la knabino: ‘‘Vi estas tiel bela, tiel bona kaj tiel 
honesta, ke mi devas fari al vi donacon’” (€ar tio 

¢i estis feino, kiu prenis sur sin la formon de mal- 
ri¢a vilafa virino, por® vidi, kiel granda estos al 
fentileco de tiu ¢i juna knabino). °‘‘Mi faras al 
vi donacon,’’ datirigis la feino, ‘*ke @e™ @iu vorto, 
kiun vi diros, el via bu$o eliros ati floro aiti' multe- 
kosta Stono.”’ 


°That she give her ¢o drink. This use of the infinitive, 
though once common in the English, is now obsolete, and 
represents a peculiarity of Esperanto which the student should 
remember. 


“Here, sian, the reflexive pronoun which always refers to 
the subject of the clause, is properly used: The gir7 washed 
the gir/'s pitcher. 


© See Note c, Exercise 8. 


‘ The use of the adverbial ending here supports our previous 
statements that this frequently has a neutral significance, 
When the participle is directly qualifying it is adjectival: 
fluanta akvo=/flowing water. When it is a part of the 
predicate, preceded by some form of esti, it is adjectival: 
La akvo estas fluanta=7e water is flowing. When, how- 
ever, it refers to the noun, yet is not connected with it in 


Exercises 107 


either of these ways, it is adverbial: Fluante, akvo sin 
purigas=(When) flowing, water purifies itself. 


& For to see, for to do, etc., are forms of expression often 
used. Por means zz order to, for the purpose of. 


4 See uses of €e, Page 49. 


1 Observe use of ait....... ali=ertther........ or. 


TRANSLATION 15 
The Fairy (Continued ) 


* One day, when she was near the spring, there 
came to her a poor woman, who asked her that she 
give her a drink. *‘‘Very willingly, my good 
[woman],’’ said the beautiful girl. *And she at 
once washed her pitcher and drew water in the 
cleanest place in the spring and carried [it] to the 
woman, all the time holding the pitcher, in order that 
the woman could drink more conveniently. “When 
the good woman had quieted her thirst, she said to 
the girl: ‘“‘You are so beautiful, so good and so 
honest, that I must make you a gift’’ (for this was 
a fairy, who had taken upon herself the form of a 
poor village woman, to see how great would be the 
politeness of this young girl). °“‘I make you a 
gift, continued the fairy, ‘“‘that at every word which 
you say there shall come out of your mouth either 
a flower or a precious stone.” 


108 American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 16 


ci, thou. anstatal, instead of. 
uzi, /o use. tranéi, #0 cut. 

ruso, a Russian. @ardeno, a garden. 
voki, 7/0 call. fidela, faithful. 
vero, fruth. vintro, winter. 
hejti, Zo heat. forno, stove. 


il, suffix indicating /oo/ or instrument: tranéi, 
to cut; tran@ilo, a knife. 


*Mi legas*. *°Ci skribas (anstatati cf oni uzas 
ordinare v7). * Li estas knabo, kaj $i estas kna- 
bino. ‘* La trané@ilo tran@éas bone, ¢ar @i estas akra. 
°Ni estas homoj. ‘° Vi estas infanoj. ‘Ili estas 
rusoj. *Kie” estas la knaboj? ° Ili estas en la 
@ardeno. *°Kie estas la knabinoj? “Ili ankat 
estas en la Qardeno. ™ Kie estas la tran¢iloj? “Ili 
ku$as sur la tablo. “Mi vokas la knabon, kaj li 
venas. * Mi vokas la knabinon, kaj $i venas. 
*La infano ploras, @ar gi° volas mangi. *’ La 
infanoj ploras, @ar ili volas mangi. “Knabo, vi 
estas nefentila.? ‘Sinjoro, vi estas nefentila. 
**Sinjoroj, vi estas nefentilaj. *’ Mia hundo, vi 
estas tre fidela. ™ Oni® diras, ke la vero ¢Ciam 
venkas. ™En la vintro oni hejtas la fornojn. 
** Kiam oni estas ri¢a (aii ri¢aj) oni havas multajn‘ 
amikojn. ; 


Exercises 109 


*See uses of the present tense, page 30. 


>Kie may have either an interrogatory or relative sense: 
Iru kie gloro vin atendas=Go where glory waits thee. 


© As in English, zt (Bi) is used with reference to a child, 
when unnecessary to specify sex. 


4Ne has only a neutral significance and does not mean. 
like mal, the direct opposite. Here, the sense is that the boy 
is not polite, though not necessarily that he is rude. 


© Oni translates the English ove or they in such sentences 
as one ought, they say, etc. As the author indicates(Sentence 
24), it may be followed by a plural adjective if the sense 
requires this. Oni is always nominative, its accusative and 
possessive being reflexive, sin, sia: Oni devas sin gardi 
tilate sian reputacion=Onxe ought to watch himself with 
respect to his reputation. 


£See Note 3, exercise 12. 


TRANSLATION 16 


*T am reading. *Thou art writing—instead of 
ci (thou) we ordinarily use vi (you). *Heis.a 
boy, and she is a girl. * The knife cuts well, for 
itis sharp. "We are men. “You are children. 
™They are Russians. *Where are the boys? 
*They are in the garden. * Where are the girls ? 
"They also are in the garden. *™ Where are the 
knives? * They lie upon the table. “I call the 
boy, and he comes. ‘I call the girl, and she 
comes ? * The child cries because it wants to eat. 
The children cry, because they wish to eat. 
** Boy, you are impolite. “Sir, you are impolite. 
*°Sirs, you are impolite. *My dog, you are very 
faithful. * They say that truth always conquers. 
**In the winter they heat the stoves. ™ When one 
is rich, one has many friends. 






< 


110 The “American Esperanto Book 


EXERCISE 17 


insulti, fo insult. kial, why, wherefore. — 


-frue, carly. pardoni, fo forgive. 
longa, Jong. salti, fo leap, jump. 
perlo, pear. granda, great, large. 
diamanto, diamond. miri, 40 wonder. 

Sajni, /o seem. nomi, /o name. 
naiva, naive. okazi, /o happen. 


dum, during, while. sendi, /o send. 
kapabla, capadle. 


La Feino (Daitrigo ) 


‘Kiam tiu ¢i bela knabino venis domen, gia 
patrino insultis* Sin, kial $i revenis tiel malfrue de 


***Pardonu al mi, patrino,”’ diris la mal- 


la fonto. 
feli¢@a knabino, “‘ke mi restis tiel longe”.” * Kaj 
kiam $i parolis tiujn ¢i vortojn, elsaltis® el Sia bu$o 
tri rozoj, tri perloj kaj tri grandaj diamantoj. 
***Kion mi vidas!”’ diris Sia patrino kun grandega 
miro. °*‘Sajnas al mi, ke el $ia bu$o elsaltas perloj 
kaj diamantoj! ° De kio tio ¢@i venas, mia filino?’’ 
‘(Tio @i estis la unua fojo, ke $i nomis $in sia 
filino). *La malfeli¢a infano rakontis al $i naive 


¢ion, kio okazis al $i, kaj, dum $i parolis, elfalis el 







Exercises III 


Sia bu$o0 multego da diamantoj. ° ‘‘Se estas tiel,”’ 
diris la patrino, ‘‘mi devas tien® sendi mian filinon. 
Marinjo, rigardu, kio eliras el la bu§o de via 
fratino, kiam $i parolas; é@u® ne estus al vi agrable 
havi tian saman kapablon? “Vi devas nur iri al 
la fonto Gerpi akvon ; kaj kiam malriéa virino petos 
de vi trinki, vi donos fin al $i Zentile.”’ 


*Insultis Sin kial—literally, zxsulted her why. In English 
insult would not be the proper word, though obviously the 
writer intends to express a humiliating invasion of the girl’s 
dignity and ‘‘feelings.”’ 


> Longe is adverbial, there being nonounto which it could 
be joined. If we say dum tia longa tempo, the adjective is 
of course properly used. 


©See Note c, Exercise 8. 


4 Accusative sign for direction. It is not proper to refer to 
words of direction as in the ‘‘accusative case,’’ as it is seen 
that adverbs may have this ending. 


©@u (whether) is the sign of the question, when no other 
word indicates it. Kie vi estas?=Where are you? Here, 
kie indicates the question. Gu vi estas en la domo?=Are 
you in the house? 


TRANSLATION 17 
The Fairy (Continued ) 


*When this beautiful girl went home, her mother 
insultingly asked (insulted) her why she returne! 






112 The American Eskveals Book 


so late from the spring. *‘*‘Pardon me, nothoetel 


said the unhappy girl, “for staying so long.” oe cs 


* And when she spoke these words [there] leaped 


from her mouth three roses, three pearls and three : 


large diamonds. ““‘What doI see!’’ said her mother 
in intense wonder. ‘‘‘It seems to me that from her 
mouth leap out pearls and diamonds! *Whence 
(from what) comes this thing, my daughter?’ 
"(This was the first time that she [had] called her 
her daughter). *The unhappy child told her art- 
lessly all that [had] happened to her, and while 
she was speaking [there] fell out of her mouth a 
great number of diamonds. ° “‘If it be so,’ said 
the mother, *‘I must send my daughter there. 
Molly, look what comes out of your sister’s mouth 
when she speaks; would it not be pleasing to you 
to have the same capability? 7“ You need only go 
to the spring to draw water, and when a poor 
woman asks of you [a] to drink, you will give it 


to her politely.’’ 


Lxercises 113 


EXERCISE 18 


kuri, Zo run. vespero, evening. 

éu, whether. edzo, husband. 
montri, /o show. nova, mew. 

vesti, fo clothe. mem, se//. 

zorgi, care, be anxious. gardi, fo watch. 
gasto, guest. akompani, accompany. 
Gis, up to, until. ser¢i, ¢o search. 
pupo, doll. forgesi, ¢o forget. 


facila, easy. 


‘Li amas min, sed mi lin ne amas. *Mi volis 
lin bati, sed li forkuris de mi. *Diru al mi vian 
nomon. ‘Ne skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn. 
> Venu al mi hodiati* vespere. ° Mi rakontos al vi 
historion. ‘Cu? vi diros al mi la veron? *La 
domo apartenas al li. °Li estas mia onklo, éar 
mia patro estas lia frato. *'Sinjoro Petro kaj lia 


edzino tre®° amas miajn infanojn; mi ankaii tre 


® Together with tomorrow evening, yesterday morning, 
etc., Esperanto has today morning and today evening. 
>See Note e, Exercise 17. 


©Tre, rendered very, modifies verbs directly, while in 
English we would use another adverb—very greatly, , very 
much, etc. 





>} 


. . . . i | 
veston. ™Miamas min mem‘, viamas vinmem, _ 


li amas sin mem, kaj ¢iu homo amas sin mem. — 
*® Mia frato diris al Stefano, ke li amas lin pli, ol si a: 
mem, * Mi zorgas pri $i tiel, kiel mi zorgas pri er 
mi mem; sed Si mem tute ne zorgas prisi® kaj 
tute sin ne gardas. *° Miaj fratoj havis hodiati 
gastojn; post la vespermanfo niaj fratoj eliris kun 
la gastoj el sia domo kaj akompanis ilin @is ilia 
domo. * Mi jam havas mian @¢apelon; nun seréu 
vi vian. *‘Mi lavis min en mia Gambro, kaj $i 
lavis sin en sia Cambro. *La infano ser@is sian 
pupon; mi montris al la infano, kie ku$as fia pupo. 
* Oni ne forgesas facile sian unuan amon. 


4Mem means se/f in the sense of personality, and can be 
used with the personal pronouns. 


®Here, si and sin refer back to 8i: she does not care 
about herself. Examine carefully all sentences using si, sia, 
and sin, comparing them with the accompanying translations. 


TRANSLATION 18 


1 He loves me, but I do not love him. * I wished 
to beat him, but he ran away from me. * Tell me 


your name. ‘Do not write me such long letters, 


Exercises II5 


*Come to me [my house] this evening. ‘I will 
tell you a story. ‘Will you tell me the truth? 
* The house-belongs to him. ° He is my uncle, for 
my father is his brother. ** Mr. Peter and his wife 
love my children very much; I also love theirs 
very much. “Show me your new coat. “I love 
myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and 
every man loves himself. “My brother told 
Stephen that he loves him more than himself. 
*T take care of her as I care for myself; but she 
takes no care at all of herself and does not guard 
herself at all. ‘My brothers had guests today; 
after the evening meal our brothers went out of 
their (the brothers’) house with the guests and 
accompanied them to their (the guests’) house. 
*©T already have my hat; now you look for yours. 
TT washed myself in my room and she washed 
herself in her room. * The child was looking for 
its doll; I showed the child where its doll lay. 
*® One does not easily forget one’s first love. 


116 The American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 19 


murmuri, ‘0 murmur. Vazo, vase. 


arZento, si/ver. apenat, scarcely. 
princo, prince. certa, certain, sure. 
speciala, special. opinio, opinion. 
koleri, ¢o de angry. servi, ¢o serve. 
serpento, serpent. - rano, /rog. 


us, ending of verbs, conditional mode. 


ar, suffix of collective: Stupo, sep; Stuparo, 
stairs; arbo, ¢ree; arbaro, forest. 


em, suffix showing a tendency or inclination: 
babili, ¢e chatter; babilema, /a/kative. 


La Feino (Daiirigo ) 


166 a 


Estus tre bele*,’’ respondis la filino malfentile, 


266 


“‘ke mi iru al la fonto!”’ Mi volas ke vi tien 
iru”,’’ diris la patrino, ‘‘kaj iru tuj.’”? *La filino 
iris, sed Giam murmurante. ‘Si prenis la plej belan 
arfentan vazon, kiu estis en la lofejo. "Apenat $i 
venis al la fonto, $i vidis unu sinjorinon, tre riée 
vestitan®, kiu eliris el la arbaro kaj petis de $i trinki 
(tio @i estis tiu sama feino, kiu prenis sur sin la 


formon kaj vestojn de princino, por vidi, kiel 


Exercises II7 


granda estos‘la malboneco de tiu éi knabino). °‘‘Cu 
mi venis tien ¢i,’’ diris al $i la malfentila kaj fiera 
knabino, ‘‘por doni al vi trinki? ‘Certe, mi 
alportis argentan vazon speciale por tio, por® doni 
trinki al tiu ¢i sinjorino! * Mia opinio estas: prenu 


® **\7i tute ne 
1066 


mem akvon, se vi volas trinki.’’ 
estas fentila,’’ diris la feino sen kolero. Bone, 
€ar vi estas tiel servema, mi faras al vi donacon, 
ke @e Giu vorto, kiun vi diros, eliros el via buSo : 


ati serpento aii rano.”’ 


* Be sure that you understand why the adverbial form is 
used. See Note c, Exercise 7, and Adverbial Ending, P. 25. 


>Imperative mode in a subjunctive clause. See Page 34. 


°Vestitan, though following the substantive to which it 
belongs (sinjorinon), is considered directly qualifying—a very 
richly-dressed lady. I£ between the substantive and participle 
there intervened any form of esti, the participle would be 
nominative. 


4 Estos instead of estus. See Note 2, Exercise 14. 


*See Note #, Exercise 12. 
TRANSLATION 19 
The Fairy ( Continued ) 


1**Tt would be very fine,’’ replied the daughter 
rudely, “for me to-(that I should) go to the 





mother, ‘“‘and go at once!’’ 
but grumbling all the time. ‘She took the maak? a 
beautiful silver vase that was in the house. *She 
had scarcely reached the spring [when] she saw 
a lady, very richly dressed, who came out of the 
forest and asked her for a drink (this was that 
same fairy, who had taken upon herself the form 
and dress of a princess, to see how great would be 
the badness of this girl). °‘*Did I come here,” said 
to her the rude and proud girl, “‘to give you a drink? 
"Certainly, I brought a silver vase especially (for 
that) to give a drink to this lady! * My opinion is, 
take the water yourself, if you wish to drink.” 
***You are not at all polite,” said the fairy, without 
anger. *°*‘Well, since you are so obliging, I make 
you the gift that at every word you (shall) say, 
from your mouth shall come either a snake ora 


frog.’’ 


Exercises 11g 


EXERCISE 20 


sidi, Zo sit. 

hierat, yesterday. 
saluti, greet, salute. 
morgat,, /omorrow. 
vendredo, /riday. 
viziti, Zo visit. 
plezuro, pleasure. 
timi, zo fear. 

veki, zo wake. 
leciono, Zesson. 
puni, fo punish. 
muta, mute. 
spegulo, mirror. 


silenti, zo de silent. 
renkonti, /o meet. 
sabato, Saturday. 
dimanéo, Sunday. 
lundo, Monday. 
kuzo, cousin. 
horlogo, clock. 
dormi, Zo sleep. 
scii, 7o know. 
instrui, Zo zeach. 
surda, deaf. 

tuSi, Zo touch. 
kara, dear. 


ordoni, order, command. babili, zo chatter. 


kandelo, candle. 
danci, fo dance. 


gaja, gay, glad. 
morti, zo de. 


petoli, to de mischievous. 


uj, suffix indicating that which contains: 


ruso, 


a Russian; Rusujo, Russia; cigarujo, cigar-case. 


*Nun mi legas*, vi legas kaj li legas; ni @iuj 


legas. 


* Vi skribas, kaj la infanoj skribas ; ili Giuj 
sidas silente kaj skribas. 


’ Hierati mi renkontis 


vian filon, kaj li- Sentile salutis min. * Hodiati 


* Note again the use of the simple verb, legas, where in 
English we would say am reading. 


bal >. 


120 The American Esperanto Book 


> 


estas sabato, kaj morgaiiestos dimanéo, ° Hierat 
estis vendredis: kaj post-morgati estos lundo. — 





2 
~_ 


*Antaii tri tagoj” mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj mia vizito 


faris® alli plezuron. ‘Cu vi jam trovis vian hor- 
logon? *Mi gin ankorati ne ser@is; kiam mi finos 
mian laboron, mi ser€os mian horlofon, sed mi 
timas, ke mi @in jam“ ne trovos. * Kiam mi venis 
al li, li dormis; sed mi lin vekis. ‘Se mi estus® 
sana, mi estus® feli¢a. “Se li scius®, ke mi estas 
tie Gi, li tuj venus® al mi. ™Se la lernanto scius 
bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus. 
** Kial vi ne respondas al mi? “Cu vi estas surda 
aii muta? *“Iru for! *Infano, ne tu$u la spegu- 
lon! * Karaj infanoj, estu Giam honestaj! ™ Li 
venu, kaj mi pardonos al li. ** Ordonu al li, ke li 
ne babilu. * Petu Sin, ke $i sendu al mi kandelon. 
*! Ni estu’ gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, @ar la vivo 
ne estas longa. ™Si volas danci. * Morti pro la 
patrujo estas agrable®. “La infano ne Gesas 
petoli. 


>This does not mean before three days, but three days 
ago. See Antai, Pp. 48, 49. 


©Fari is usually translated ¢o make, to do. Here, it means 
give, analogous with our English use of make when we say 
‘make you a present.”’ 


4Jam, translated a/ready, is used in this sentence where no 
such word would be required in English, and its significance 
can best be understood by a careful study of its uses in these 
Exercises. See Note c, Lesson 6. 


®Mr. Bullen, in his Standard Course of Esperanto, 
says: ‘‘This sentence should be carefully noted, as it illus- 
trates the fact that Esperanto always usesthe conditional in 
-us, where a real condition or supposition (that is, that the 


LEixercises 121 


fact is zon-exzstent) is implied.’? We observe here that both 
verbs are conditional: /f Z were healthy (but I am xo?) 
I should be happy (but I am ot). 


f Note the various uses of the imperative in this Exercise. 
In English, the imperative is used for direct command or 
entreaty, but in Esperanto we have mi iru, ni iru, etc. 


&See Note c, Exercise 7. 
TRANSLATION 20 

* Now I am reading, you are reading; we are 
are all reading. * You are writing, and the children 
write; they all sit silently and write. * Yesterday 
I met your son and he greeted me politely. * Today 
is Saturday and tomorrow will be Sunday. ° Yes- 
terday was Friday, and the day after tomorrow 
will be Monday. ° Three days ago I visited your 
cousin, and my visit gave him pleasure. * Have 
you already found your clock? *I have not yet 
looked for it; when I finish my work I shall look 
for my clock, but I fear that I shall not find it. 
® When I came to him he was sleeping, but I awoke 
him. 7° If I were well, I should be happy. “If 
he knew that I am here, he would come to me at 
once. “If the pupil knew his lesson well, the 
teacher would not punish him. ** Why do you not 
answer me? ‘*Are you deaf or dumb? Go 
away! * Child, do not touch the mirror! * Dear 
children, be always honest. “ Let him come, and 
I will forgive him. ** Order him not to chatter. 
*° Ask her to send me acandle, * Let us be joyful, 
let us use life well, for life is not long. ™ She 
wishes to dance. ™7To die for one’s country is 
pleasant. ™ The child does not cease to be mis- 
_ chievous. 


122 The American Esperanto Book = 





EXERCISE 21 


rimarki, remark, notice krii, ¢o cry. 


nu! wed// jes, yes. 
kulpa, d/ameable. _ kaSi, 40 hide, conceal. 
rego, 4ing. €asi, fo hunt. 


demandi, demand, ask. sola, alone. 
pro, for the sake of. ho! oh/ 
ve! woe! ho ve! a/as/ 


ek denotes sudden or momentary action: krii, 
to cry; ekkrii, ¢o cry out. 


La Feino (Daiirigo ). 


* Apenau Sia patrino Sin rimarkis, $i kriis al $i: 
‘Nu, mia filino?’”’ *“‘Jes, patrino,’’ respondis al 
Sila malfentilulino*, elfetante unu serpenton kaj 
unu ranon. “**‘Ho, @ielo!’’ ekkriis la patrino, 
‘‘kion mi vidas? ‘Sia fratino en Cio estas kulpa; 
mi pagos al $i por tio @i!’’ ° Kaj $i tuj kuris bati 
Sin. °La malfeli¢a infano forkuris kaj ka$is sin en 
la plej proksima arbaro. ‘La filo de la refo, kiu 
revenis de @aso, Sin renkontis ; kaj, vidante, ke $i 
estas tiel bela, li demandis Sin, kion $i faras” tie 


Bee 


€i tute sola, kaj pro kio $i ploras. Ho ve, 


sinjoro, mia patrino forpelis min el la domo.’’ 


Exercises 123 


*In this word we have our first combination of two suffixes. 
There is no limit to the combination of these so long as the 
meaning is clear. Here, the meaning is offosite-folite-per- 
son-feminine—a rude girl or woman. ; 


>Faras. This word is in the present tense, although the 
time referred to is past. See Zhe Present Tense, Page 30. 


TRANSLATION 21 
The Fairy (Continued) 


*Scarcely had her mother observed her [when] 
she cried to her: ‘‘Well, my daughter?’ **‘Yes, 
mother,’’ replied to her the rude one, throwing 
out.a snake and a frog. *‘‘Oh heaven!’ exclaimed 
the mother, “‘what do I see? ‘Her sister is to 
blame for everything; I will pay her for this!” 
®And she immediately ran to beat her. ‘°* The 
unhappy child ran away and hid herself in the 
nearest forest. *The king’s son, who was returning 
from a hunt, met her; and observing that she was 
so beautiful, he asked her what she was (is) doing 
here all alone, and for what she was crying. 
***Alas, sir, my mother drove me from the house.”’ 


Review the preceding Exercises, reading aloud 
the Esperanto text. Leafn to ¢hznk in Esperanto, 
grasping the idea from the Esperanto word, with 
no thought of English. Memorize the zdeas of the 
vocabularies, not the definitions. 


a 


124 The American Esperanto Book ue be: 


EXERCISE 22 
flui, 70 flow. movi, 40 move. 
strato, s/ree?. fali, to fall. 
peki, Zo sin. intenci, /o intend. 
levi, 40 lift, raise. riproéi, /o reproach. 
meriti, 40 merit. mensogi, Zo /e// a lie. 
pasi, /o pass. neniam, zever. 
neniu, zobody. atendi, /o wait, expect. 
Savi, /o save. mondo, wor/d. 
lingvo, /anguage. grava, important, grave. 
pasero, @ sparrow. kapti, Zo catch. 
aglo, cag/e. soldato, soldier. 
jugi, 7o judge, try. konduki, #0 conduct. 
aresti, fo arrest. tra, through. 


at, sign of present passive participle: amate, 
being loved. 

int, sign of the past active participle: aminte, 
having loved. 

ont, sign of future active participle: amonte, 
being about to love. 

ot, sign of future passive participle: amote, 

being about to be loved. 


*Fluanta akvo estas pli pura ol akvo staranta 
senmove. *Promenante®* sur” la strato, mi falis. 
* Kiam Nikodemo batas Jozefon, tiam Nikodemo 





Exercises 125 


estas la batanto® kaj Jozefo estas la batato. ‘Al 
homo, pekinta* senintence, Dio facile pardonas. 
*Trovinte pomon, mi gin manfis. ‘La falinta 
homo ne povis sin levi. ‘Ne ripro¢u vian amikon, 
éar vi mem pli multe meritas riproéon ; li estas nur 
unufoja® mensoginto, dum vi estas ankorati nun 


® Adverbial ending, because not directly connected with 
the subject. See Note 7, Exercise 15. 


> Observe use of preposition sur. 


°See Substantival Participle, Page 40. 


4 This participle is adjectival in form, not because it mod- 
ifies homo directly—an unintentionally-sinning man—but 
because it is predicative, kiu estas being omitted ; in English, 
aman who has sinned unintentionally. But if kiu were 
the subject of a verb other than estas, then the participle 
would stand detached, and take the adverbial ending: Al 
homo kiu, pekinte senintence, pentas, Dio facile pardonas= 
The man who, having sinned unintentionally, repents, 
God readily pardons. 


© Literally, a one-time person-who-has-lied. The person 
referred to has told a lie, therefore the past form, -into. In 
the same sentence, mensoganto is in the present form because 
it refers to some one who is a general liar; as the person 
speaking tells him, with commendable candor, a s¢tzl/, now, 
all-the-time liar. 


126 The American Esperanto Book : 





@iam mensoganto. * La tempo pasinta’ j jam neniam 
revenos; la tempon venontan neniu ankorati konas. ae 
* Venu, ni atendas vin, Savonto de la mondo, | "ig et 
la lingvo ‘‘Esperanto”’ ni vidas la estontan lingvon — 
de la tuta mondo. ™Atgusto estas mia plej amata 
filo. *™Mono havata estas pli grava, ol havita. 
** Pasero kaptita estas pli bona, ol aglo kaptota. 
“La soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj. 
* Ti venis al mi tute neatendite. “Homo, kiun 
oni devas ju@i, estas jugoto. 


This meaning can be expressed: Tempo pasinta=Past 
time. Tempo kiu estas pasinta=7ime which has passed, 
Tempo, pasinte, jam neniam revenos=7ime, having passed, 
will never return. 


TRANSLATION 22 


*Flowing water is purer than water standing 
still. * While walking in the street, I fell. “When 
Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus is the 
beater and Joseph is the beaten. ‘God readily 
pardons a man who has sinned unintentionally. 
* Having found an apple, I ate it. * The fallen man 
could not raise himself. ‘Do not reproach your 
friend, for you yourself more deserve reproach ; he 


Exercises 127 


is only once a liar, while you are still, now, always 
a liar. ‘*The past time will never return; the 
future time no one yet knows. °*Come, we await 
you, Savior of the world. “In the language 
‘Esperanto’? we see the future language of the 
whole world. ™ Augustus is my most beloved son. 
Money had [now] is more important than [that 
which has] been had. “A sparrow caught is 
better than an eagle to be caught. *™ The soldiers 
led the arrested persons through the streets. * He 
came to me quite unexpectedly. “A man whom 
they have to try is the accused (person to be tried). 


The student has observed that while sometimes 
the translations of these Exercises follow the 
Esperanto text so literally as to make very poor 
English, this is not invariable; frequently the 
translation follows the thought more closely than 
the text. The student will find fewer parenthetical 
explanations as he proceeds and will rely more and 
more upon his own perceptions to grasp the spirit 
and style of Esperanto. 





128 The American Esperanto Book 


EXERCISE 23 


kelke, some. aventuro, adventure. 
konsideri, ¢o consider. inda, worthy, valuable. 
doto, dowry. palaco, palace. 
propra, (one’s) own. akcepti, fo accept. 
baldad, soon. angulo, corner, angle. 
ig, to become: pala, pale; pali®i, to turn pale. 


je, indefinite preposition. See p. 53. 


La Feino (Fino) 


1La refido, kiu vidis, ke el Sia bu§o eliris 
kelke* da perloj kaj kelke da diamantoj, petis Sin, 
ke $i diru al li, de kie tio @i venas. *Si rakontis 
al li sian tutan aventuron. *La refido konsideris, 
ke tia kapablo havas pli grandan indon, ol @io, 
kion oni povus doni dote al alia fratlino, forkondu- 
kis” Sin al la palaco de sia patro, la reo, kie li 
edzigis je $i. ‘Sed pri Sia fratino ni povas diri, 
ke $i farigis® tiel malaminda, ke Sia propra patrino 
Sin forpelis de si; kaj la malfeli¢a knabino, multe 
kurinte kaj trovinte neniun: kiu volis Sin akcepti, 
baldati mortis en angulo de arbaro. 


Exercises 129 


*Kelke. See Note }, Exercise 12. 


» Conducted away. For, with other Esperanto adverbs 
and prepositions, is often thus joined to the verb instead of 
following it. 


*Fari, to make, farigi, to become. 


TRANSLATION 23 
The Fairy (Concluded ) 


The prince, who saw that from her mouth 
issued some pearls and diamonds, begged her to 
tell him whence this came. *She told him her 
whole adventure. *The prince considered that 
such a gift had greater value than all which one 
could give as a dowry to another maiden, [and] 
took her away to the palace of his father, the king, 
where he married her. ‘* But concerning her sister 
we may say that she became so hateful that her 
own mother drove her away from her; and the 
unhappy girl, having run about a great deal and 
having found no one who wished to receive her, 


soon died in a corner of the forest. 


130 The American Esperanto 





ma 


EXERCISE 24 
salono, drawing-room. 


os, sign of future tense of verbs: amos, will 
love. an 


* Nun li diras al mi la veron. * Hierai li diris 





al mila veron. *Li @iam diradis* al mila veron. — 


* Kiam vi vidis nin en la salono, li jam antatie diris 
al mi la veron (aii li estis dirinta al mi la veron). 
*Li diros al mila veron. * Kiam vi venos al mi, li 
jam antatie diros al mi la veron (ai li estos dirinta 
al mi la veron; ati antat” ol vi venos al mi, li 
diros al mila veron). ‘Se mi petus lin, li dirus 
al mi la veron. ‘Mi ne farus la eraron, se li 
antatie® dirus al mi la veron (aii se li estus dirinta 
al mi la veron). ‘°Kiam mi venos, diru al mila 
veron. *° Kiam mia patro venos, diru al mi antatie 
la veron (ati estu dirinta al mi la veron), “Mi 
volas diri al vila veron. * Mi volas, ke tio, kion 
mi diris, estu vera (at mi volas esti dirinta la - 


veron). 


Exercises 131 


*Diri, to say; ad, suffix of continued action; diradas, 
continues to say, to tell. 


> Antaii ol, before than. See Page 49. 


© Observe that the conditional, or -us mood, has no time. 
Here, the past tense is inferred from antaie. 


TRANSLATION 24 


Now he tells me the truth. * Yesterday he 
told me the truth. *He always tells me the truth. 
*When you saw us in the drawing-room he had 
already (previously) told methe truth. ° He will 
tell me the truth. ° When you come to me he will 
previously have told me the truth (or he will have 
told me the truth; or, before you come to me he 
will tell me the truth). ‘If I should ask him, he 
would tell me the truth. ‘I should not have made 
the mistake if he had previously told me the truth. 
® When I shall come, tell me the truth. *° When 
my father comes, tell me (previously) the truth. 
I wish to tell you the truth. “I wish that what 
I said be true (or, I wish to have told the truth). 


In connection with this Exercise the student 
should review the conjugations of the Infinitive, 
Imperative and Conditional modes. See pp. 32-35. 


132 The American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 25 Vas 


inviti, ¢o invite. komerci, /o ‘rade, 

’ sekvi, ¢o follow. konstrui, fo construct. 
Suldi, Zo owe. oro, gold. — 
ringo, ring. lerta, skillful. 
projekto, prayeci. inZeniero, engineer. 
fero, tron. vojo, road, way. 
agi, fo act. pastro, priest, pastor. 
kameno, jire-place. poto, fof. 
kaldrono, se///e. boli, Zo doz/. 
vaporo, steam. pordo, door.’ 


korto, yard, court. 


aj, something made from or possessing the qual- 
ity of: malnova, o/7; malnovajo, an old thing; 
frukto, /ruit; fruktajo, something made from fruit. 


‘Mi estas amata. *Miestis amata. *Miestos 
amata. ‘Mi estus*amata. °Estu amata. ° Esti 
amata. ‘'Viestas lavita. *Vi estis lavita. ° Vi 
estos lavita. “Vi estus* lavita. “Estu lavita, 
“Esti lavita. ‘Li estas invitota. “Li estis 
invitota. * Li estos invitota. ™ Li estus® invitota. 
“Estu invitota. ‘Esti invitota. * Tiu ¢i komer- 
cajo estas Giam volonte aéetata” de mi. “La 
.surtuto estas a€etita de mi, sekve i apartenas al 
mi. ™ Kiam via domo estis konstruata, mia domo 
estis jam longe konstruita. ~™ Mi sciigas, ke de 


Exercises 133 


nun la Suldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi. 
**Estu trankvila; mia tuta $uldo estos pagita al 
vi baldat. Mia ora ringo ne estus® tiel longe 
ser¢ata, se @i ne estus tiel lerte ka8itadevi. “Lat 
la projekto de la infenieroj® tiu @i fervojo estas 
konstruota en la daiiro de du jaroj; sed mi pensas, 
ke fi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn*. ** Honesta 
homo agas honeste. *’ La pastro, kiu mortis antati® 
nelonge (ati antaii nelonga tempo), logis longe en 
nia urbo. *™ Cu hodiaii’ estas varme ati malvarme? 
*® Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono; 
el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas bolanta akvo, 
eliras vaporo ; tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas apud 
la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton®. 


® The use of estus in Sentences 4, ro and 16 indicates the 
presence of a condition or contingency, though this is not 
stated, asin Sentence 24. Be careful not to translate should 
by estus where duty is expressed—use devas=ougiht. 


>The passive participle is connected with the source of the 
action by de. See Rule VI, Page 15. 


7 


©This word means czvzl engineer. The word for locomo- * 


tive engineer is ma8inisto, or amore precise term, lokomotiv- 
isto. Fervojo (zron-way) is the Esperanto term for railway. 

4Do not forget that where a preposition is omitted the 
accusative case is used. Here, the absent preposition is dum. 

© Antati nelonge is the expression usually used for zot long 
ago, a short time ago, recently. 

£ Hodiaii, hierati and morgaii are not nouns, but adverbs, 
Hence the adverbial form of varme and malvarme. The 
noun form, when necessary so to speak of today, tomorrow, 
is la hodiatia tago, la morgatia tago. 


® Accusative to show direction. 







134 The American Esperanto Book | 


TRANSLATION 25 


1T am loved. *I was loved. *I shall be faved a 
*I should be loved [if.....]. *Beloved. ‘To be 
loved. "You have been washed. *You had been — 
washed. *You will have been washed. “You _ 
‘would have been washed. ™ Be washed (past). 
“To be washed. ™ He is tobeinvited. “He was 
to be invited. ** He will be (about) to be invited. 
** He would be (about) to be invited. “ Be invited 
(future). “To be (about) to be invited. ™ This 
article (of commerce) is always willingly purchased 
by me. ™ The overcoat has been bought by me, 
consequently it belongs to me. ** When your house 
was being built, my house had already been built 
foralong time. ™I make [it] known that from 
now on the debts of my son will not be paid by me. . 
** Be at ease; my entire debt will have been paid 
to you soon. ™ My gold ring would not be so long 
searched for if it had not been so cleverly hidden 
‘ by you. ™ According to the project of the engin- 
eers, this railway is to be built in the course of 
two years, but I think that it will be under con- 
struction more than three years. * An honest man 
acts honestly. * The priest who died recently had 
lived along time in our city. “Is it warm or cold 
today? (or, is today warm or cold?) *™ On the 
hearth between two pots stands an iron kettle; from 
the kettle, in which is (finds itself) boiling water, 
issues steam; through the window, which is near 
the door, the steam goes into the yard. 


Lxercises 135 


EXERCISE 26 


ekster, outside. vojagi, voyage, travel. 
piedo, foot. benko, dench. 

meti, Zo put, place. kanapo, sofa, lounge. 
muso, mouse. lito, ded. 

super, over, above. aero, air. 

kafo, coffee. teo, zea. 

sukero, sugar. kremo, cream. 
interne, wthin. fianéo, detrothed person 
hirundo, swallow. trans, across. 

rivero, river. estro, chief. 

atenta, afzentive. kvankam, a/though. 
dubi, ¢o doudt. estimi, 7/0 esteem. 

fil jie! abomeno, abomination. 


rapida, rapid, quick. 


et, diminution of degree or size: malvarma, 
cold; malvarmeta, coo/; ridi, to laugh; rideti, . 
to smile. 


’ Kie vi estas? * Mi estas en la @ardeno. * Kien 
vi iras? ‘Mi iras en la @ardenon. ‘La birdo 
flugas en la Gambro (=@i estas en la Gambro kaj 
flugas en @i). ‘La birdo flugas en la @ambron 
(=@i estas ekster la €ambro kaj flugas nun en 
gin). ‘Mi vojafas en Hispanujo. * Mi voja@as 
en Hispanujon. ° Mi sidas sur sefo kaj tenas la 
piedojn sur benketo. ** Mi metas la manon sur la 


136 The American Esperanto Book 


tablon*. ™ El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la 
liton, kaj nun @i kuras sub lalito. “Super la tero 


sin trovas” aero. *Anstatati kafo li donis al mi 
teon kun sukero®, sed sen kremo. ™ Mi staras 
ekster la domo, kaj li estas interne. “ En la salono 
estis neniu krom li kaj lia fian@ino. “La hirundo 
flugis trans la riveron, Gar trans la rivero sin trovis 
aliaj hirundoj. * Mi restas tie ¢i lati la ordono de 
miaestro. “Kiam li estis @e’ mi li staris tutan 
horon® apud la fenestro. ‘Li diras, ke mi estas 
atenta. *° Li petas, ke mi estu‘ atenta. “ Kvankam 
viestas ri@a, mi dubas, @u® vi estas feli@a. ™Se vi 
scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. *™Se li jam 
venis, petu lin al mi. “Ho, Dio! kion vi faras! 
Ha, kiel bele ! “For de tie @i! ™ Fi, kiel 
abomene! *™Nu, iru pli rapide! 


*I move my hand toward the table in the act of placing it 
upon the table. Hence, n for direction. Note carefully this 
sign of direction in Sentences 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16. 

> Observe the use of sin trovas here, as in Sentence 29, 
Exercise 25. This is often used instead of estas. A similar 
form is sin turnu al, to address oneself to, to turn to. Giuj 
sin turnu al la redaktoro=Ze¢ all address the editor. 


*Sukero here, because kun is a preposition. Without the 
preposition, it would be teon kaj sukeron. 

4 Esperanto often uses the pronoun thus: Ce mi=A¢ my 
house. Ge vi=At your house. 

See Note c, Exercise 25. 

‘ This meaning, in English, has two forms of expression— 
he asks that I be attentive, or he asks me to be attentive. 
In Esperanto the former is invariably used. 





4 


be 
¥ 


Exercises 137 


® Dubi in any form is followed by éu to connect a proposi- 
tion containing a verb, and by pri when followed by a noun: 
Mi dubas éu vi estas fidela—/ doubt whether you are faith- 
ful Mi dubas pri via fideleco—/ doubt (concerning) your 
fidelity. 

TRANSLATION 26 

*Where are you? *I am in the garden. 
*Where are you going? ‘I am going into the 
garden. °The bird flies in the room (it is in the 
room and flies about in it). °Thebird flies into the 
room (it is outside the room and flies into it). ‘I 
am traveling in Spain. *I am traveling into Spain. 
*I sit on a chair and keep my feet upon a stool. 
*°T place my hand upon the table. ™ From under 
the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it 
runs about under the bed. * Above the earth is 
(finds itself) air. “Instead of coffee he gave me 
tea with sugar, but without cream. “I stand out- 
side the house, and he is within. “In the draw- 
ing-room was nobody except him and his fiancee. 
*° The swallow flew across the river, because beyond 
the river were other swallows. “I am remaining 
here according to the orders of my chief. “™ When 
he was at my house he stood a whole hour at the 
window. * He says that I am attentive. *He 
asks that I be attentive. ™ Although you are rich, 
I doubt that (whether) you are happy. “If you 
knew who he is you would esteem him more. “If 
he has already come, ask him to come to me. * Oh 
God! what are you doing? *™ Ah, how beautiful! 
*° Away fromhere! *™ Fie, how abominable! Well, 
go faster ! 


138 The American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 27 


artikolo, article. tiam, ‘hen, 

objekto, object. tia, such, such a ‘ 
kompreni, understand, ekzemplo, example. 
polo, Pole. necesa, mecessary. 
vokalo, vowel. prepozicio, preposition. . 
kunmeti, /o compound, simpla, simple. 

ligi, Zo bind. radiko, root. 

soni, /o sound. klara, clear. 

postuli, c/aim, require. gramatiko, grammar. 
nacio, zation. diversa, diverse, various 
Sipo, ship. aboni, zo subscribe. 


matenmangi, /o cat breakfast. 


* La artikolo Za estas uzata tiam*, kiam ni paro- 
las pri personoj ati objektoj konataj. *Gia uzado 
estas tia sama kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. *La_per- 
sonoj, kiuj” ne komprenas la uzadon de la artikolo 
(ekzemple rusoj ati poloj, kiuj ne scias alian ling- 
von krom sia propra), povas en la unua tempo tute 
ne uzi la artikolon, ¢ar @i estas oportuna sed ne 
necesa. ‘ Anstatati Za oni povas ankati diri 7, (sed 
nur post prepozicio, kiu finifas per vokalo). 
*Vortoj kunmetitaj estas kreataj per simpla kun- 
ligado de vorto}; one prenas ordinare la purajn 
radikojn, sed, se la bonsoneco aii la klareco postu- 
las, oni povas ankati preni la tutan vorton, t. e., 
la radikon kune kun fia gramatika finigo. ‘Eke 
zemploj: skribtablo ati skribotablo (tablo, sur kiu 
oni skribas) ; internacia (=kiu estas inter diversaj 
nacioj); tutmonda (dela tuta mondo); unutaga 


Exercises 139 


(kiu datiras unu tagon); unuataga (kiu estas en 
la unua tago); vaporSipo (=Sipo, kiu sin movas 
per vaporo); matenman@i, tagman@i, vesperman®i; 
abonpago (=pago por la abono). 


® Observe this use of tiam kiam=—‘hen when, In English 
we use when alone, and frequently in Esperanto simply kiam. 
Tiam kiam is more definite and emphatic. 


>Note that kiuj is plural because it represents more than 

one person. 
TRANSLATION 27 

1 The article 7a is used when we speak of persons 
or things known. *Its use is the same as in the 
other languages. *Persons who do not understand 
the use of the article (for example Russians or 
Poles who do not know another language beside 
their own), may at first not use the article at all, 
for it is convenient but not necessary. “Instead 
of Za we can also say 7 (but only after a preposi- 
tion which ends with a vowel). ° Compound words 
are formed by simple junction of words; we gen- 
erally take the pure roots, but if euphony or clear- 
ness demands, we can also take the whole word; 
i. e., the root together with its grammatical ending: 
Examples: skribtablo, or skribotablo, a table on 
which one writes; internacia, that which exists 
between or among various nations; /uémonda, of 
the whole world; wnutaga, lasting one day; unua- 
taga, of the first day; vaporsipo, a ship which 
moves by steam; matenmangi, tagmangi, vesper- 
mangi, to breakfast, to dine, to eat supper; adon- 
pago, payment for subscription. 


140 The American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 28 


iam, a/ any time, ever nominativo, nominative. 
akuzativo, accusative tie, there. 
dependi, /o depend. katizo, cause. 


esprimi, /o express. direkti, zo direct. 

celi, 40 aim. . egala, egual. 

ia, any kind of. veturi, 70 journey, travel 
flanko, side. dekstra, right-hand. 
neniel, 7” no way. nek....nek, neither...nor 


dis’ same as the English prefix dis: semi, sow; 
dissemi, /o scatter broadcast, disseminate. 


1 Ciuj prepozicioj per si mem postulas ¢iam nur 
la nominativon. *Se ni iam post prepozicio uzas 
la akuzativon, la akuzativo tie dependas ne de la 
prepozicio, sed de aliaj kaiizoj. *Ekzemple: por 
esprimi direkton, ni aldonas al la vorton la finon 7; 
sekve: tie (en tiu loko), tien (=al tiu loko); 
tiel same ni ankati diras “‘la birdo flugis en la @ar- 
denon, sur la tablon,’”’ kaj la vortoj ‘‘fardenon,”’ 
‘‘tablon’’ staras tie @i en akuzativo ne @ar la pre- 


pozicioj ‘‘en’’ kaj ‘“‘sur’’ tion @i postulas, sed nur 


@ar ni volas esprimi direkton, t.e. montri, ke la 


- 


Exercises I4I 


birdo ne sin trovis antatie en la fardeno kaj tie 
flugis, sed ke @i de alia loko flugis al la @ardeno, 
al la tablo (ni volas montri ke la f@ardeno kaj la 
tablo ne estis la loko de la flugado, sed nur la celo 
de la flugado); en tiaj okazoj ni uzas la finigon z 
tute* egale ¢u ia prepozicio starus ati ne. ‘Morgati 
mi veturos Parizon (aiien Parizon). °Mi restos 
hodiati dome. °Jamestas tempo iri domen. ‘7 Ni 
disifis kaj iris en diversajn flankojn: mi iris dek- 
stren kaj li iris maldekstren. *Flanken, sinjoro! 
* Mi konas neniun en tiu ¢i urbo. * Mineniel povas 
kompreni, kion vi parolas. ™ Mi renkontis nek lin, 
nek” lian fraton (aii mi ne renkontis lin, nek lian 
fraton). 


*Egale is here used where one would expect same. 


>Note nek.....mek, translated mezther......mor. A similar 
form, though practically obsolete, is sometimes used in Eng- 
lish: zor votce nor sound. 


TRANSLATION 28 


All prepositions, in themselves, always require 
only the nominative. *If we ever, after a prepo- 
sition, use the accusative, the accusative there 
depends not on the preposition, but on other causes. 
* For example, to express direction, we add to the 


~2* we 
a” Dh 





142 The American Esperanto Book 


word the ending ”; consequently, ¢7e, in that later . 
tien, to that place; similarly, we also say “the 
bird flew into the garden, upon the table’; and the 
words ‘“‘garden,” “‘table,’’ here stand in the accu- 
sative not because the prepositions ‘‘in’’ and ‘‘on’’ 
require this, but only because we wish to express 
direction; i. e., to show that the bird was not 
previously in the garden and flew about there, but — 
that it flew from another place into the garden, 
upon the table (we wish to show that the garden - 
and table were not the place of the flying, but only 
the goal of the flight); in such cases we use the 

accusative just the same, whether any preposition | 
is there or not. ‘Tomorrow I shall go to Paris. 
°I shall remain in the house today. ‘It is already 
time to go home. ‘We separated and went in 
different directions; I went to the right and he 
went to the left. *To one side, sir! *I know no 
one in this city. ‘*°I can in no way understand 
what you are saying. ™I met neither him nor his 
brother (or, I did not meet him, nor his brother). 


Lexercises 143 


EXERCISE 29 


Senco, sense. komuna, common. 
ebla, possible. ofte, often. 

ridi, ¢o /augh. lasta, /ast, latest. 
sopiri, o sigh, long for. regulo, rule. 
verbo, verd. obei, Zo obey. 


permesi, ¢o permit, allow. 


*Se ni bezonas® uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne 
montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas 
uzi la komunan prepozicion ye. *Sed estas bone 
uzi la vorton ye kiel eble pli? malofte. * Anstatati 
la vorto ye ni povas ankaii uzi la akuzativon sen 
prepozicio. * Mi ridas je lia naiveco ( aii mi ridas 
pro lia naiveco, ati: mi ridas lian naivecon) 
®Je la lasta fojo mi vidis lin @e vi (ati: la lastan 
fojon). ° Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton. 
"Mi sopiras je mia perdita feli¢o (ati: mian perditan 
feliéon). *El la diritaregulo sekvas, ke se ni pri 
ia verbo ne scias, ¢u $i postulas post si la akuza- 
tivon (t. e. Gu @i estas aktiva) ati ne, ni povas 


* Note indicative mode following se. The need of a prepo- 
sition is not a matter of doubt. See Note e, Exercise 20. 


> Another peculiar Esperanto form, very frequently used: 
Kiel eble plej frue, kiel eble plej bone, kiel eble plej multe. 


© 
’ 


144 The American Esperanto Book 





¢iam uzi la akuzativon. *Ekzemple, ni povas dirt am 
“‘obei al la patro”’ kaj ‘‘obei la patron” (anstatati 
“‘obei je la patro’’). *°Sed nine uzas la akuzativon 
tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion ¢i malper- 
mesas; ekzemple: ni povas diri “‘pardoni al la 
malamiko” kaj ‘‘pardoni la malamikon,”’ sed ni 
devas ¢iam diri “‘pardoni al la malamiko lian kul- 


pon.”’ 


TRANSLATION 29 


* If we need to use a preposition and the sense 
does not show us what preposition to use, then we 
can use the common preposition ye. * But it is 
well to use the word ye as seldom as possible. 
* Instead of the word ye we can also use the accusa- 
tive without a preposition. ‘I laugh at his sim- 
plicity. °The last time I saw him at your house. 
*I travelled two days and one night. ‘I sigh for 
my lost happiness. * From the said rule it follows 
that if, concerning any verb, we do not know 
whether or not it requires the accusative after it 
(i. e. whether or not it is transitive) we can always 
use the accusative. * For example, we can say “to 
obey ‘to’ the father’? and ‘‘to obey the father.” 
But we do not use the accusative when the clearness 
of sense forbids this; for example, we can say ‘‘to 
pardon ‘to’ the enemy”’ and “‘to pardon the enemy”’; 
but we should always say ‘‘to pardon to the enemy 
his fault.’’ 


Lxercises 145 


EXERCISE 30 


ia, of any kind. konsili, counsel, advise. 
ial, for any cause. serio, series. 

iam, af any time, ever. pronomo, pronoun. 

ie, anywhere. adverbo, adverd. 

iel, 7x any way. rilati, zo be related to. 
ies, anyone’s. prefikso, prefix. 

io, anything. ajn, ever. 

iom, any quantity. diferenci, ¢o differ. 


iu, anybody, somebody. helpi, Zo help. 
sufikso, suffix. 


1 Ta, ial, iam, te, tel, ies, to, tom, iu. *La 
montritajn nati vortojn ni konsilas bone ellerni*, 
éar el ili Giu povas fari al si grandan serion da 
aliaj pronomoj kaj adverboj. *Se ni aldonas la 
literon & ni ricevas vortojn demandajn aii rilatajn : 
hia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, kio, kiom, kiu. *Se 
ni aldonas la literon /, niricevas vortojn montrajn: 
tia, tial, tiam, tie, tiel, ties, tio, tiom, tiu. *° Aldon- 








“Fl, when used as a prefix, is sometimes translated ¢hor- 
oughly, though this is not its literal sense. Ellerni, to learn 
out, to study out, ellabori, to work out. 


146 The American Boyes Bead e 







ante la literon ¢ ni ricevas vortojn komu 
tia, tial, tiam, tie, ciel, ties, dio, Ciom, tiu. *Aldon- 
ante la prefikson en ni ricevas vortojn neajn: e 
nenia, nenial, neniam, nenie, neniel, nenies, menion 
neniom, neniu. ‘Aldonante al la vortoj montraj la 
vorton ¢/ ni ricevas montron pli proksiman ; ekzem- Sy 
ple: ¢iz, pli malproksima, ¢iu ¢ (ati ¢¢ tiv) pli — 
proksima; ‘ie, malproksime, #ie ¢7 ati ¢/ fie, prok- 
sime. ‘Aldonante al la vortoj demandaj la vorton — 
ajn ni ricevas vortojn sendiferencajn: ia ayn, kial 
ajn, kiamajn, hie ajn, kiel ajn, kies ajn, kio ajn, 
hiom ayn, kiu ayn. Ekster tio el la diritaj vortoj ni 
povas ankoraii fari aliajn vortojn, per helpo de 
gramatikaj finifoj kaj aliaj vortoj (sufiksoj); ek- 
zemple: fiama, ¢iama, kioma, tiea, ¢i-tiea, tieulo, 
tiamulo, k. t. p. (=kaj tiel plu). 


In connection with this lesson, the student should review 
what is said of Correlative Words, pp. 70-73. A few explana- 
tions are added here: 


Tia is the demonstrative of quality, translated that, such a, 
such kind. With the relative, kia, it translates such as. 
Also, it is used as a demonstrative article, in the sense of the 
for the purpose of giving added force, just as unu is similarly 
used in a less definite sense. (See Note a, Exercise 11). 
In this sense, it loses its significance of quality, and may be 
followed by kiel, the relative of manner. In Exercise 27, 


Exercises 147 


Sentence 2, we have tia sama kiel, which is correct, because 
tia means ‘ke. But we must not say tia bona kiel, the sense 
here being as good as, and the correct form tiel bona kiel. 


Io, tio, kio, Gio, nenio. These all refer to objects and are 
not used as modifying words, They indicate the thing itself. 
Kio estas tio? Nenio=What is that? Nothing. But if we 
wish to use the correlatives as modifying words, we say: Ia 
birdo=Any kind of bird. Ciuj birdoj=AU birds. 


Giu means each, or every, but does not mean all, as do 
éiam, Cie, Giel, Giom, etc. Iu and the other four words of 
this series express individuality, but refer, when not otherwise 
specified, to persons. Hence, to express plurals, ¢iuj, kiuj, 
tiuj are the correct forms. 


TRANSLATION 30 


*Some kind, for some reason, some time, some- 
where, somehow, somebody’s, something, some ~ 
quantity, somebody. * The nine words shown we 
advise [the student] to learn thoroughly, because 
from them everyone can make for himself a large 
series of other pronouns and adverbs. *If we add 
to them [as a prefix] the letter 4, we obtain inter- 
rogative or relative words: what kind, why, when, 
where, how, whose, what (thing), how much, who. 
If we add the letter ¢ we get demonstrative words: 
such, therefore, then, there, thus, that person’s, 





148 The American Esperanto Book 3 


that, that much, that person. ® Adding the letter2@ 
we get collective words: each and every kind, for. * 
every reason, always, everywhere, in every way, i 
everybody’s, everything, all, everyone. ° Adding £ 
the prefix zen, we obtain negative words: no such, 
for no reason, never, nowhere, nohow, no one’s, — 
nothing, none, nobody. ‘Adding to the demon- 
strative words the word ¢/, we obtain a meaning of 
proximity ; for example: //u, that, ‘iu ¢@i, this; 

tie, there, tie ¢7, here. *Adding to the interrogative 
words the word ayn, we get indifferent words: 
whatever kind of, for whatever reason, whenever, 
wherever, however, whosesoever, whatever, what- 
ever quantity, whoever. ° Besides this, from these 
words we can make still other words, with the help 

of the grammatical endings and other words (suf- 
fixes); for example: contemporaneous (existing 
then), eternal, how much, there, a person living 
there or being present, a contemporary or person 

of that time. 


Exercises 149 


EXERCISE 31 


humoro, umor. fermi, /o shut. 
korpo, dody. animo, sou/. 
kontrakti, 70 contract. plenumi, fo fulfill, 
bruli, ¢o durn.. ligno, wood. 
materialo, maveria/. bastono, s/ick. 
tegmento, roof. funto, pound. 
koloro, color. supre, above, upper. 
telero, plate. tero, earth. 

kesto, chest, box. lipo, “2, 

haro, /air. griza, eray. 


vango, cheek. 


ist, person occupied with: maro, sea; maristo, 
satlor. 


‘ Lia kolero longe datiris. * Li estas hodiati en 
kolera humoro. *Li koleras kaj insultas. ‘Li 
fermis kolere la pordon. ° Lia filo mortis kaj estas 
nun malviva. *La korpo estas morta, la animo 
estas senfnorta. ‘Li estas morte malsana, li ne 
vivos pli, ol unu tagon. * Li parolas, kaj lia parolo 
fluas dolée kaj agrable. *Ni faris la kontrakton 
ne skribe, sed parole. ‘Li estas bona parolanto. 
™Starante ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran 
flankon de nia domo. ™Li logas ekster la urbo. 
** La ekstero de tiu ¢i homo estas pli bona, ol lia 
interno. “Li tuj faris, kion mi volis, kaj mi 


150 The American Esperanto Book 





dankis lin por la tuja plenumo de mia deziro. © zn 
* Kia granda brulo! kio brulas? “Lignoestas 
bona brula materialo. “La fera bastono, kiu 
kuSis en la forno, estas nun brule* varmega. “Cu 
li donis al vi jesan respondon, ati nean? “Li eliris 
el” la dormo€ambro kaj eniris en la manfo@ambron. 
* La birdo ne forflugis ; @i nur deflugis de la arbo, 
alflugis al la domo kaj surflugis sur la tegmenton. 
"Por Giu atetita funto da teo tiu ¢i komercisto 
aldonas senpage funton da sukero. ™ Lernolibron 
oni devas ne tralegi, sed tralerni. ™ Li portas 
rozkoloran® superveston kaj teleroforman Gapelon. 
*En mia skribotablo sin trovas kvar tirkestoj. 
* Liaj lipharoj estas pli grizaj, ol liaj vangharoj. 


*In Sentences 1, 2, 3, 4, kolero, kolera, koleras, kolere; 
in 15, 16, 17, brulo, brulas, brula, brule. These sentencesare 
designed to show with what facility an Esperanto root may be 
used as a noun, adjective, verb or adverb. To add the parti- 
ciples in their adjectival, substantival and adverbial forms, 
with the variations and degrees of meaning made possible by 
the use of affixes—it would puzzle the expert Esperantist to 
measure the possible range of expression. 


‘Eliris el, deflugis de, alflugis al, surflugis sur. See Note 
c, Exercise 8. 


© This lesson contains a number of compound words. The 
student may at first find it difficult to distinguish these at sight, 
but he will soon ‘‘catch the spirit'’ of Esperanto. Failing in 
this, he will search the vocabularies in vain for seeming roots 
which are only simple combinations. 


Exercises I51 


TRANSLATION 31 


' His anger lasted along time. * He is today in 
an angry mood. * He is angry and is insulting. 
* He shut the door angrily. °His son died and is 
now lifeless. °The body is mortal, the soul is 
immortal. ‘He is mortally ill, he will not live 
more than one day. *He speaks and his speech 
flows sweetly and agreeably. * We made the con- 
tract not in writing, but verbally. *° He isa good 
speaker. “Standing outside, he could see only 
the outside of our house. ™He lives outside the 
city. “The-exterior of this man is better 
than his interior. *“* He didat once what I wished, 
and I thanked him for the immediate fulfillment 
of my desire. ™ What a big blaze! What is 
burning ? “Wood is ‘good burning material. 
The iron rod which lay in the furnace is now 
burning hot. “Did he give you an affirmative or 
a negative reply? ‘He went out of the bed-room 
and entered the dining-room. * The bird did not 
fly away; it only flew down from the tree, flew to 
the house and lit upon the roof. ™For every pound 
of tea purchased, this dealer adds free a pound of 
sugar. “A text-book one ought not to read through, 
but to learn through. * He wears a rose-colored 
gown and a mortar-board hat. “In my writing- 
table are four drawers. * His mustache is grayer 
than his whiskers. 





152 The American Esperanto Book 


EXERCISE 32 


teatro, theater. okupi, ¢o occupy. 
maniero, manner. mehaniko, mechanics. 
hemio, chemistry. diplomatio, diplomacy. 
fiziko, physics. scienco, science. 
glaso, glaso. nigra, d/ack. 

drapo, cloth. signifi, 7/0 signify. 
OVO, egg. bordo, shore. 

maro, sea. amaso, crowd. 
atituno, aufumn. lando, /and, country. 
suferi, fo suffer. najbaro, neighbor. 


mezuri, /o measure. 


’ Teatramanto ofte vizitaslateatron kaj ricevas 
baldaii teatrajn manierojn. *Kiu okupas sin je 
mehaniko, estas mehanikisto, kaj kiu okupas sin je 
hemio, estas hemiisto. *Diplomatiiston oni povas 
ankati nomi diplomato, sed fizikiston oni ne povas 
nomi fiziko, @ar fiziko estas la nomo de la scienco 
mem. ‘La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi 
sendis mian fotografajon al mia patro. °Glaso de 
vino estas glaso, en kiu antaiie sin trovis vino, at 
kiun oni uzas por vino; glaso da vino estas glaso 
plena je vino. ‘Alportu al mi metron da nigra 


Lixercises 153 


drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu 
kuSis sur drapo, ati kiu estas uzata por drapo). 
"Mi aGetis dekon da ovoj. *Tiu @i rivero havas 
ducent kilometrojn da longo. °Sur la bordo de la 
maro staris amaso da” homoj. ” Multaj birdoj 
~ flugas en la atituno en pli varmajn landojn. ™ Sur 
la arbo sin trovis multe (aii multo) da _ birdoj. 
” Kelkaj homoj sentas sinla plej feli¢aj°, kiam ili 
vidas la suferojn de siaj najbaroj. ‘En la éambro 
sidis nur kelke da homoj. * “Da’’ post ia vorto 
montras, ke tiu ¢i vorto havas signifion de mezuro. 


* Note the use of ricevas where the inclination would be to 
use akiras. The latter would mean that he desired or culti- 
vated the manner, rather than that it simply ‘“‘stuck to him,” 
and in some instances at least would be fully appropriate. 


>If the student will thoroughly study the uses of da in this 
exercise he should never err regarding its use. 


°Sentas sin feli¢aj—/eel themselves happy. Feliéaj is 
nominative, being a predicative adjective. Supplying the full 
sense, we have sentas sin esti feli¢aj. See also Sentence 7, 
Exercise 33. 


_ TRANSLATION 32 


‘A theater-lover often visits the theater, and 
soon acquires theatrical manners. ® He who occu- 





154 


pies himself with mechanics is a mechanic, and he 2 
who occupies himself with chemistry is a chemist. 
*A diplomat we can call dif/omato, but a physician 
we cannot call f#ziko, because fiziko is the name of 
-the science itself. * The photographer photogaphed 
me and I sent my photograph to my father. 
Glaso de vino is a glass in which was previously 
wine, or which one uses for wine; glaso da vino 
is a glass full of wine. * Bring me a meter of (da) 
black cloth (metro de drapo would mean a meter 
which lay on the cloth, or which is used for cloth). 
"] bought ten eggs. * This river is two hundred 
kilometers long. *° On the shore of the sea stood a 
crowd of people. * Many birds fly in the autumn 
to warmer countries. * Upon the tree were many 
birds. “Some people feel happiest when they 
witness the sufferings of their neighbors. “In the 
room sat only a few people. “Da after a word 


shows that this word has a sense of measure. 


Exercises 155 


EXERCISE 33 


mezo, middle. kreski, ¢o grow. 


dika, thick, fat. larga, broad. 
lumo, /ight, mola, soft. 
turmenti, Zo torment.  senti, to feel. 
beni, Zo dless. nobla, zodb/e. 
rekta, straight. kurba, curved. 
kredi, zo delieve. renversi, /o upset. 
monto, mountain. kampo, jfe/d. 
koko, cock, chicken. nepo, grandson. 


duonpatro, stepfather. bovo, ox 


bo, relative by marriage: patrino, mother; bo- 
patrino, mother-in-law. 


*Mia frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas 
ankati malgranda; li estas de mezakresko. *Li 
estas tiel dika*, ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mal- 
larga pordo. * Haro estas tre maldika. *La nokto 
estis tiel malluma, ke ni nenion povis vidi e@ antati 
nia nazo. °Tiu @i malfre$a pano estas malmola, 
kiel $tono. *Malbonaj infanoj amas _ turmenti 


* Dika, usually translated ¢hick, here means ¢hick in a 
sense not often thus expressed in English. Careful English 
is stout, while a popular and expressive Americanism is fat. 


156 
bestojn. "Li sentis sin tiel malfeliéa, ke li mall 


estimas tiun ¢i malnoblan homon. ‘*La fenestro — 


longe estis nefermita®; mi @in fermis, sed mia frato 
tuj Zin denove’ malfermis. *° Rekta vojo estas pli 
mallonga, ol kurba. “La tablo staras malrekte, 
kaj kredeble baldaii renversigos. ™“ Li staras supre 
sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon. 
** Malamiko venis en nian landon. “Oni tiel mal- 
helpis al mi, ke mimalbonigis mian tutan laboron. 
**TLa edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino kaj la 
avino de miaj infanoj. ‘Sur la korto staras koko 
kun tri kokinoj. Mia fratino estas tre bela 
knabino. *™ Mia onklino estas bona virino. ™ Mi 
vidis vian avinon kun §Siaj kvar nepinoj kaj kun 
mianevino. * Lia duonpatrino estas mia bofra- 
tino. *' Mi havas bovon kaj bovinon. ™La juna 
vidvino farigis denove fian@ino. 


>The use of forte to lend intensity to the verb is, we think, 
an improvement over the English use of adverbs from roots 
of meaning similar to, but not synonomous with, that of the 
verb—dearly love, fiercely hate, etc. 


©Ne here, and not mal. The student will readily grasp 
the difference between ofened and not closed. 


4Denove is frequently used for again. It means anew, 





z, 
¥ 


la tagon, en kiu li estis naskita. *Mi forte’mal- — 


r 


Lxercises 157 


TRANSLATION 33 


* My brother is not tall, but he is also not short ; 
he is of medium growth. *Heis so stout that he 
cannot pass through our narrow door. °A hair is 
very fine. *The night was so dark that we could 
see nothing, even before our nose. °* This stale 
bread is as hard as stone. ‘Bad children like to 
torment animals. ‘He felt so unhappy that he 
cursed the day on which he was born. *I intensely 
despise this ignoble person. °* The window was 
long open; I closed it, but my brother immediately 
opened it anew. A straight road is shorter than 
a curved one. “The table stands crookedly 
and, ‘‘understandably’’, will soon be upset. ™ He 
stands above upon the mountain and looks below 
on the field. An enemy entered our land. ™* They 
hindered me so that I spoiled my whole work. 
My father’s wife is my mother, and the grand- 
mother of my children. “In the yard stands a 
cock with three hens. * My sister is a very beau- 
tiful girl. “My aunt is a good woman. “I saw 
your grandmother with her four granddaughters 
and my niece. * His stepmother is my sister-in- 
law ™I have an ox and a cow. ™The young 
widow became again a fiancee. 


158 


The American Esperanto Book pees 


EXERCISE 34 


viando, meat. 
korko, cork. 

Stopi, fo stop up. 
kombi, #0 comb. 
Zliti, Zo skate. 
vetero, weather. 
segi, ¢o saw. 
kudri, Zo sew. 
sonori, /o ring, 
inko, ink. 

sorbi, /o absord, sip. 
tuko, cloth. 

brava, érave. 
S8tupo, sfep. 
germano, a German, 
vasta, wide, vast. 
pa&gti, /o pasture. 
precipe, principally. 


pos-o, pocke?. 


tiri, to draw, pull, drag 


botelo, dott/e. 
somero, summer. 
frosto, /ros?. 

haki, ¢o hew, chop. 
fosi, zo dig. é 
tondi, zo clip~, shear. 
fajfi, /o whistle 
sablo, sand. 
brando, drandy 
militi, ¢o war, fight. 
kruta, steep. 
hispano, Spaniard. 
tamen, however. 
herbo, grass 

bruto, drute 

lano, wool, 


Safo, sheep 


‘La tran@ilo estis tiel malakra, ke mi ne povis 
tranci per fi la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi mian 
*Cu vi havas korktirilon, por 
*Mi volis $losi la pordon, 


poSan tran@ilon. 
malstopi la botelon? 





Exercises 159 


sed mi perdis la $losilon. ‘Si kombas al si la 
harojn per argenta kombilo. "En somero ni veturas 
per diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro ni veturas per 
glitveturilo. °Hodiati estas bela frosta vetero, 
tial mi prenos miajn glitilojn kaj iros gliti. 7Per 
hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni 
fosas, per kudrilo ni kudras, per tondilo ni tondas, 
per sonorilo ni sonoras, per fajfilo ni fajfas. *Mia 
skribilaro konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da 
plumoj, krajono kaj inksorbilo. ° Oni metis antat 
mi manfilaron, kiu konsistis el telero, kulero, 
tran¢ilo, forko, glaseto por brando, glaso por vino 
kaj telertuketo. **°En varmega tago mi amas pro- 
menien arbaro. “Nia lando venkos, éar nia mil- 
itistaro estas granda kaj brava. ™Sur kruta 
Stuparo li levis sin al la tegmento de la domo. 
** Mi ne scias la lingvon hispanan, sed per helpo 
de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis 
iom vian leteron. “ Sur tiuj ¢i vastaj kaj herbo- 
ri¢aj kampoj pastas sin grandaj brutaroj, precipe 
aroj da bellanaj Safoj. 


TRANSLATION 34 


* The knife was so dull that I could not cut the 
meat with it, and I had to use my pocket knife, 





160 The American Esperanto Book “s 


*Have you a corkscrew to open the bottle? ‘pes 
wished to lock the door, but I had lost the key. = 
“She combs her hair with a silver comb. °In the 
summer we travel by means of various vehicles, 
and in winter we travel by sleigh. ‘* Today it is 
fine frosty weather, therefore I shall take my 
skates and go skating. *With an ax we chop, 
with a saw we saw, with a spade we dig, witha 
needle we sew, with scissors we clip, with a bell 
we ring, with a whistle we whistle. * My writing 
outfit consists of an ink-stand, a sand-box, some 
pens, a pencil and a blotter. * They placed before 
me eating utensils, which consisted of a plate, a 
spoon, a knife, a fork, a small glass for brandy, 
a glass for wine, and anapkin. * Ona hot day I 
like to walk in the forest. “Our country will win 
because our army is large and brave. “Ona 
steep ladder he climbed to the roof of the house. 
“I do not know the Spanish language, but with 
the help of a Spanish-German dictionary I never- 
theless somewhat understood your letter. ™ Upon 
these vast and fertile fields pasture large herds of 
stock, principally flocks of fine-wool sheep. 


Exercises 161 


EXERCISE 35 


konfiti, 70 preserve. kuko, cake. 
fluida, /guid. suspekti, Zo suspect. 
acida, sour. vinagro, vinegar. 
sulfuro, su/phur. azoto, azote. 
gusto, /Zas/e. alta, high. 
naturo, zature. €emizo, shirt. 
kolo, zeck. cetera, the rest. 
tolo, dinen. glacio, ice. 
heroo, hero. plaéi, zo please. 
lago, d/ake.. kovri, ¢o cover. 
nai, Zo swim. folio, leaf. 


frandi, ¢o de fond of sweets. 


*Vi parolas sensencajon, mia amiko. *Mi 
trinkis teon kun kuko kaj konfitajo. *Akvo estas 
fluidajo. * Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, ¢ar @i en- 
havis en si ian suspektan malklarajon. ° Sur la 
tablo staris diversaj sukerajoj. ° En tiuj ¢i boteletoj 
sin trovas diversaj acidoj: vinagro, sulfuracido, 
azotacido kaj aliaj. * Via vino estas nur ia abomena 
acidajo. *Laacideco de tiu ¢i vinagro estas tre mal- 
forta. *Miman@is bongustan ovajon. *°Tiu ¢i granda 
altajo ne estas natura monto. La alteco de tiu 
monto ne estas tre granda. * Kiam mi ien veturas, 
mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakajo. ‘Ce- 
mizojn, kolumojn, manumojn kaj ceterajn similajn 
objektojn ni nomas tolajo, kvankam ili ne ¢iam 
estas faritaj el tolo. “Glaciajo estas doléa glaci- 









162 The ‘aaron Sera? 


igita frandajo. “La ri¢eco de tiu Ci homo. 
granda, sed lia malsaeco estas ankorati pli granda 
“Li amas tiun ¢i knabinon pro Sia beleco ka‘ 
boneco. ™ Lia heroeco tre platis al mi. “La 
suprajo de la lago estis kovrita per na@antaj folioj “ 
kaj diversaj aliaj kreskajfoj. ‘ Mi vivas kunlien — 
granda amikeco, Se 


TRANSLATION 35 

*You talk nonsense, my friend. *] drank tea, 
with cake and preserves. * Water is aliquid. *I 
did not wish to drink the wine, because it had in 
it some suspicious unclear matter. *Upon the 
table stood various sweetmeats. ‘In these little 
bottles are various acids: vinegar, sulphuric acid, 
nitric acid and others. ’ Your wine is only some 
kind of abominable acid stuff. *The acidity of 
this vinegar is very weak. °I ate a good omelet. 
This great eminence is not a natural mountain. 
"The height of that mountain is not very great. 
** When I go anywhere I never take with me much 
baggage. ‘Shirts, collars, cuffs and other similar 
objects we call linen, though they are not always 
made of linen. “An ice is a sweet frozen dainty. 
* The wealth of this man is great, but his foolish- 
ness is still greater. ** He loves this girl because 
of her beauty and goodness. * His heroism pleased 
me very much. * The whole surface of the lake 
was covered with floating leaves and various other 
growths. *I live with him in great friendship. 


Exercises : 163 


EXERCISE 36 


gratuli, ¢o congratulate. altaro, a/tar. 

kuraci, /o hea/, treat. doktoro, doctor. 

pra, great-, primordial. hebreo, a Hebrew 
éevalo, horse. 


ge, persons of both sexes: patro, father; ge- 
patroj, parents. 


id’, descendant or young of: €evalo, @ horse; 
€evalido, @ colt. 


*Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj. 
*Petro, Anno kaj Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj. 
*Gesinjoroj N. hodiati venos al mi. ‘Mi gratulis 
telegrafe la junajn geedzojn. °La gefianéoj staris 
apud la altaro. ° La patro demiaedzino estas mia 
bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia patro estas la 
bopatro de mia edzino. ‘Ciuj parencoj de mia 
edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve Sia frato estas 
mia bofrato, Sia fratino estas mia bofratino ; mia 
frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de 
mia edzino. ‘La edzino de mia nevo kaj la nevo 
de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj. ° Virino, 
kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino; edzino de kuracisto 
estas kuracistedzino. * La doktoredzino A. vizitis 
hodiatt la gedoktorojn P. “Li ne estas lavisto, li 


164 The American Esperanto Book . — % 
estas lavistinedzo. ™ La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj 
de reQo estas refidoj. ‘La hebreoj estas Izrael- — 
idoj, Gar ili devenas de Izraelo. “Cevalido estas” 


nematura @evalo, kokido—nematura koko, bovido— 
nematura bovo, birdido—nematura birdo. 


TRANSLATION 36 


*A father and a mother together are called 
parents. *Peter, Anne and Elizabeth are my 
brother and sisters. *Mr. and Mrs. N, will come 
to our house today. ‘I congratulated by 
telegraph the young married couple. °The affi- 
anced pair stood at the altar. ° My wife’s father 
is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my 
father is my wife’s father-in-law. ‘All relatives of 
my wife are my relatives-in-law ; consequently her 
brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my 
sister-in-law; my brother and sister are the brother- 
and sister-in-law of my wife *My nephew’s wife 
and my wife’s niece are my nieces-in-law. °A 
woman who treats the sick is a female physician ; 
a wife of a physician is a physician’s wife. * The 
wife of Dr. A. visited today Dr. and Mrs. P. “He 
is not a laundryman, he is a laundress’ husband. 
“The sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of a 
king are princes. ‘+ The Hebrews are Israelites 
because they are descended from Israel. “A colt 
is an immature horse, a chick an immature chicken, 
a calf an immature cow, a fledgling an imma- 
ture bird, 


5+ 
> 
<r 





ee 
5 
te. 


Exercises 165 


EXERCISE 37 


regno, state, kingdom. provinco, province. 


severa, severe. justa, just, righteous. 
polico, police. sufiée, enough. 
Kristo, Christ. franco, a Frenchman. 
konfesi, #0 confess. religio, re/igion. 
regimento, regiment.  boto, door. 

Suo, shoe. lasi, zo leave, let alone. 
droni, ¢o drown. verki, /o0 compose. 

eé, even. ombro, shadow. 
pre@i, fo pray. virga, virginal. 


an, inhabitant, member, partisan: Nov-Jorko, 
New York; Nov-Jorkano, Vew- Yorker. 


ul’, a person noted for: avara, covetous; ava- 
rulo, @ miser. 


1La Sipanoj devas obei la $Sipestron. *Ciuj 
logantoj de regno estas regnanoj. * Urbanoj estas 
ordinare pli ruzaj, ol vila@anoj. *La regnestro de 
nia lando estas bona kaj saa re@o. ° La Parizanoj 
estas gajajhomoj. ‘° Nia provincestro estas severa, 
sed justa. ‘Nia urbo havas bonajn policanojn, 
sed ne sufi¢e energian policestron. *Luteranoj kaj 


Kalvinanoj estas kristanoj. “Germanoj kaj francoj, 






166 The American Esperanto Book = 


kiuj logas en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj, kvankam ili 
ne estas rusoj. ‘Li estas nelerta kaj naiva pro- — 
vincano. “La lofantoj de unu regno estas sam- 
regnanoj, la loantoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj, 
la konfesantoj de unu religio estas samreligianoj. 
*Nia regimentestro estas por siaj soldatoj kiel 
bona patro. “La botisto faras botojn kaj Suojn. 
“La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignafisto faras 
tablojn, seZojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. *Stel- . 
iston neniu lasas en sian domon. “La kuraga 
maristo dronis en la maro. ™ Verkisto verkas 
librojn, kaj skribisto simple transskribas paperojn. 
** Ni havas diversajn servantojn: kuiriston, ¢am- 
bristinon, infanistinon kaj veturigiston. *La rié@ulo 
havas multe da mono. * Malsafulon @iu batas. — 
*! Timulo timas e@ sian propran ombron. ™Liestas 
mensogisto kaj malnoblulo. *™ PreZu al la Sankta 
Virgulino. 


TRANSLATION 37 


'The sailors ought to obey the captain. “All 
inhabitants of a state are citizens. ‘*City people 
are usually more cunning than villagers. ‘The 
ruler of our country is a good and wise king. 
* The Parisians are gay people. *° Our governor is 


Exercises 167 


strict, but just. 7’ Our city-has good policemen, 
but not a sufficiently energetic chief of police. 
*Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians. ° Ger- 
mans who live in Russia are Russian citizens, 
though they are not Russians. * He is an awk- 
ward and simple provincial. " The inhabitants of 
one country are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants 
of one city are fellow-citizens, the believers of one 
religion are fellow-religionists. ‘ Our regimental 
commander is like a good father to his soldiers. 
**The shoemaker makes boots and shoes. “The 
wood dealer sells wood and the joiner makes tables, 
chairs, and other wooden articles. * No one lets 
a thief into his house. The brave sailor was 
drowned in the sea. *An author writes books, 
and a copyist simply copies papers. ** We have 
various servants—a cook, a chambermaid, a nurse, 
and a coachman. * The rich man has much money, 
*° Everybody beats a fool. ™ A coward fears even 
his own shadow. ™He is a liar and an ignoble 
person. * Pray to the Holy Virgin. 


168 The American Esperanto Book 





EXERCISE 38 


densa, dense. brui, /o make a@ noise. 
kaleSo, carriage. pluvo, rain. 
pafi, Zo shoot. 


éj, masculine, nj, feminine; suffixes used after 
the first (1 to 6) letters of names, to form endear- 
ing diminutives. 


* Mi a€etis por la infanoj tableton kaj kelke da 
sefetoj. *En nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed 
nur montetoj. *Tuj post la hejto la forno estis 
varmega, post unu horo @i estis jam nur varma, 
post du horoj @i estis nur iom varmeta, kaj post 
tri horoj Zi estis jam tute malvarma. ‘En somero 
ni trovas malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj. °Li 
sidas apud la tablo kaj dormetas. °Mallarga . 
vojeto kondukas tra tiu ¢i kampo al nia domo. 
7 Sur lia vizaZo mi vidis fojan rideton. *Kun bruo 
oni malfermis la pordegon, kaj la kaleSo0 enveturis 
en la korton. ‘Tio @i estis jam ne simpla pluvo, 
sed pluvego. *Grandega hundo metis sur min 
sian antatian piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis, 
kion fari. “ Antati nia militistaro staris granda 
serio da pafilegoj. “Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston, 


Lixercises 169 


Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj gepatroj 
nomas Johanéjo (ati Jo¢jo), Nikolé@jo (ati Nikoéjo 
ati Nik@jo ati Ni¢jo), Erneéjo (ati Eréjo), Vilheléjo 
(ati Vilhe@jo ati Vil@jo ati Vitjo), Manjo (at 
Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (ati Sofinjo). 


TRANSLATION 38 


*I bought for the children a little table and 
some little chairs. *In our country there are no 
mountains, but only hills. *Immediately after 
heating, the stove was hot, after an hour it was 
only warm, after twohours it was only somewhat 
warm, and after three hours it was entirely cold. ‘In 
summer we find coolness in dense forests. °He 
sits near the table and dozes. °A narrow path 
leads through this field to our house. ‘ Upon his 
face I saw a happy smile. *Noisily they opened 
the gate, and the carriage drove into the yard. 
* This was no longer a simple rain, but a flood. 
An enormous dog put his forepaw upon me, and 
from terror I did not know what to do. “In front 
of our army stood a large array of cannon. ”John, 
Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara and Sophia, 
their parents call Johnnie, Nick, Ernie, Willie, 
Mollie, Clarie, Sophie. 


170 The American Esperanto Book > ; 





EXERCISE 39 
7 

koto, dirt. broso, brush. 
ruga, red. honti, 40 de ashamed. 
solena, solemn. infekti, 7/0 infect. 
printempo, sfringtime. relo, rai. 
rado, wheel. pendi, /o hang. 
€apo, cap, bonnet. vento, wind. 
blovi, ¢o dlow. - kapo, head. 


branéo, dranch. 


"En la kota vetero mia vesto forte malpurigis; 
tial mi prenis broson kaj purigis* la veston. * Li 
paligis de timo kaj poste li rugigis de honto, *Li 
fianéifis kun fratlino Berto; posttri monatoj estos 
la edzigo; la edzi@a soleno estos en la nova prefejo, 
kaj la edzifa festo estos en la domo de liaj estontaj 
bogepatroj. ‘ Tiu ¢i maljunulo tute malsa@igis kaj 
infanigis. ° Post infekta malsano oni ofte bruligas 
la vestojn de la malsanulo. ‘ Forigu vian fraton, 
€ar li malhelpas al ni. ‘*Si edziniZis kun sia 
kuzo, kvankam $iaj gepatroj volis Sin edzinigi kun 
alia persono. ‘En la printempo la glacio kaj la 
nefo fluidifas. *Venigu la kuraciston, @ar mi estas 


Lixercises 171 


malsana. ‘Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn 
librojn. “Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto, 
- sed li tamen ne mortigis sin mem kaj ankaii estis 
mortigita de neniu; unu tagon, promenante apud 
la reloj de fervojo, li falis sub la radojn de veturanta 
vagonaro kaj mortigis. Mi ne pendigis mian 
Gapon sur tiu ¢i arbeto; sed la vento forblovis de 
mia kapo la @apon, kaj @i, flugante, pendifis surla 
branéoj de la arbeto. *Sidigu vin (ati sidigu), sin- 
joro! “La junulo aligis al nia militistaro kaj 
_ kurage batalis kune kun ni kontrati niaj malamikoj. 


* Study carefully the distinction between ig and ig. The 
former is always transitive, while the latter is intransitive : 
purigi, to clean ; purigi, to become clean. Seatences 7 and 11 
well illustrate this difference. 


TRANSLATION 39 


‘In the muddy weather my coat became very 
dirty ; therefore, I took a brush and cleaned the 
coat. *He turned pale with fear, and afterwards 
he blushed with shame. *He became engaged to 
Miss Bertha; three months hence will be the 
wedding ; the marriage ceremony will be in the 
new church, and the wedding festival will be in the 


172 The American Leienane Book 


’ house of his future parents-in-law. “This sun “dal 
has become quite imbecile and childish. ’After. ae ‘= 
infectious disease they often burn the clothes of © 


¥ vi 


the patient. ‘Send your brother away, for he — 


hinders us. ‘She married her cousin, although her 
parents wished to marry her to another person. 
*In spring the ice and snow melt. *Bring the 
doctor, because I am ill. * He procured for him- 
self many books from Berlin. * My uncle did not 
die a natural death, but, however, he did not 


kill himself, and was not killed by anyone; one © 


day, while walking near the rails of the railroad, 
he fell under the wheels of a moving train and was 
killed. “I did not hang my cap upon this 
shrub; but the wind blew the cap from my head, 
and it, flying, hung itself on the branches of the 
shrub. * Seat yourself (or, be seated), sir. ™ The 
youth joined our army and fought bravely, together 
with us, against our enemies. 






“9 


t 
- 
"7 


Exercises 173 


EXERCISE 40 


surprizi, ¢o surprise. laca, ¢ired, weary. 
trompi, deceive, cheat. fulmo, lightning, 
Sviti, sweat, perspire. bani, Zo bathe. 


magazeno, s/ore. vendi, Zo se//. 

cigaro, cigar. tubo, ude. 

fumo, smoke. _ skatolo, small box, case. 
pantalono, janis. surtuto, overcoat. 


brako, arm. 
ing, a holder for a single object: cigaringo, 
cigar-holder; kandelingo, candle-stick. 


*En la datiro de kelke da minutoj mi aiidis du 
pafojn. *La pafado daiiris tre longe. * Mi eksaltis 
de surprizo. ‘ Mi saltas tre lerte. ° Mi saltadisla 
tutan tagon de loko al loko. ‘Lia hieratia parolo 
estis tre bela, sed la tro multa parolado lacigas 
lin. ‘Kiam viekparolis, ni atendis atidiion novan, 
sed baldati ni vidis, ke ni trompigis. *Li kantas 
tre belan kanton. ‘°I.a kantado estas agrabla 
okupo. ‘La diamanto havas belan brilon. “Du 
ekbriloj de fulmo trakuris tra la malluma Gielo. 
Ta domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la 
domo, en kiu oni prefas, estas prefejo. “La kuiristo 


‘+4 a Ne 






174 The American Esperanto Book Meas, 


sidas en la kuirejo. “La kuracisto konsilis al mi irien 
$vitbanejon. '“Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn, _ te 
ati Gambro, en kiu onitenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo; _ 
skatoleto aii alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, ; 
estas cigarujo; tubeto, en kiu oni metas cigaron, 
kiam oni fin fumas, estas cigaringo. ™Skatolo, 

en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bas- 
toneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribado, 
estas plumingo. ™ En la kandelingo sidas brulanta 
kandelo. “En la po$o de mia pantolono mi portas 
monujon, kaj en la po$o de mia surtuto mi portas 
paperujon ; pli grandan paperujon mi portas subla 
brako. ** La rusoj logas en Rusujo kaj la germanoj 

en Germanujo. 


TRANSLATION 40 


‘In the course of a few minutes I heard two 
shots. *The shooting continued very long. *I 
jumped from surprise. ‘I jump very skilfully. I 
jumped all day from place to place. “His speech of — 
yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires 
him. ‘When you began to speak, we expected to hear 
something new, but soon saw that we were deceived. 
*He is singing a very beautifulsong. °Singing is an 
agreeable occupation. *°The diamond has a beau- 


Exercises 175 


tiful sparkle. “Two flashes of lightning passed 
across the dark sky. * The house in which people 
learn is a school-house, and the house in which 
which they pray is a church. ™ The cook sits in 
the kitchen. “The doctor advised me to go toa 
Turkish bath. “A store in which they sell cigars, 
or a room in which they keep cigars, is a cigar- 
_ store ; a small box or other object in which people 
keep cigars is a cigar-case; a little tube in which 
one puts a cigar when he smokes it, is a cigar- 
holder. ‘A box in which we keep pens is a pen- 
case, and a little stick, on which we have a pen for 
writing, is a penholder. “In the candlestick is a 
burning candle. “In the pocket of my trousers 
I carry a purse, and in the pocket of my overcoat 
I carry a pocketbook; a larger document-case I 
carry under my arm. * Russians live in Russia, 


and Germans in Germany. 


176 The American Esperanto Book 


EXERCISE 41 





Stalo, szee/. fleksi, Zo dend. 

vitro, glass. rompi, Zo dreak. 
laiidi, Zo praise. memori, /o remember. 
Spari, 40 economize. bagatelo, ¢ri/e. 
ven®i, Zo avenge. eksciti, /o excite. 
polvo, dust. fajro, fire. 


eksplodi, 0 explode. pulvo, gunpowder. 
er, one of many objects of the same kind: sablo, 
sand; sablero, a grain of sand. 


1Stalo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla. 
*Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. * Ne éiu 
kreskajo estas manfebla, ‘Via parolo estas tute 
nekomprenebla kaj viaj leteroj estas ¢iam skribitaj 
tute nelegeble. °Rakontu al mi vian malfeliéon, 
éar eble mi povos helpi al vi. ‘* Li rakontis al mi 
historion tute nekredeblan. ‘Cu vi amas vian 
patron? ‘Kia demando! kompreneble, ke mi lin 
amas. *°Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiai, 
¢ar mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodiat gastojn. 
* Li estas homo ne kredinda. ™ Via ago estas tre 
latiidinda. ™ Tiu @i grava tago restos por mi ¢iam 
memorinda. *™ Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj 
Sparema, sed $i estas ankaii tre babilema kaj 
kriema. “Li estas tre ekkolerema kaj ékscitigas 
ofte Ge la ple] malgranda bagatelo; tamen li estas 
tre pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron kaj li 
tute ne estas venfema. * Li estas tre kredema: 
e@ la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li 


Lxercises 177 


la plej nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. ** Cen- 
timo, pfenigo kaj kopeko estas moneroj. * Sablero 
enfalis en mian okulon. “Li estas tre purema, 
kaj e@ unu polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto. 
* Unu fajrero estas sufiéa, por eksplodigi pulvon. 


TRANSLATION 41 

*Steel is flexible, but iron is not flexible. 
"Glass is brittle and transparent. * Not every 
plant is edible. ‘* Your speech is quite incompre- 
hensible, and your letters are always written quite 
illegibly. ° Tell me your unhappiness, for possibly 
I shall be able to help you. ‘° He told me a totally 
incredible story. ‘Do you love your father? 
®What a question! Of course I love him. °I 
shall probably not be able to come to your house 
today, for I think that I myself shall have guests 
today. * He is a man unworthy of belief. “Your 
act is very praiseworthy. ™ This important day 
will ever remain memorable for me. ™ His wife is 
very industrious and thrifty, but she is also very 
talkative and noisy. “He is very quick-tempered, 
and often becomes excited at the smallest trifle; 
however, he is very forgiving, he does not bear 
anger long and is not at all vengeful. ‘He is very 
credulous ; even the most incredible things, which 
the most untrustworthy people tell him, he at once 
believes. “A centime, a pfennig and a kopek are 
coins. “A grain of sand fell into my eye. “He 
is very clean, and you will not find even a single 
speck of dust on his coat. **One spark is sufficient 
to explode gunpowder. 





178 The American Esperanto Book 


EXERCISE 42 


atingi, ¢o a/tain. rezultato, result. 
Siri, fo tear, rend. peco, piece. 

. mo$sto, universal title. episkopo, dishop. 
grafo, ear/, count. difini, #o define. 


*Ni Ciuj kunvenis, por priparoli tre gravan aferon; 
sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. 
* Malfeli@o ofte kunigas la homojn, kaj feli@o ofte 
disigas ilin. *Mi dis$iris la leteron kaj disfetis 
fiajn pecetojn en Giujn angulojn de la @ambro. 
* Li donis al mi monon, sed mi @in tuj redonis al li. 
*Mi foriras, sed atendu min, @ar mi baldati revenos. 
*La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero. 
*Mi diris al la reo: via re@a mo$to, pardonu min! 
‘El la tri leteroj unu estis adresita: al Lia Epis- 
kopa Mo&to, Sinjoro N.; la dua: al lia Grafa 
MoSto, Sinjoro P.; la tria: al Lia Mo$Sto, Sinjoro 
D. °*La sufikso wm ne havas difinitan signifon, 
kaj tial la (tre malmultajn) vortojn kun wm oni 
devas lerni, kiel simplajn vortojn. * Ekzemple: 
plenumi, kolumo, manumo. ™ Mi volonte plenumis 
lian deziron. ** En malbona vetero oni povas facile 
malvarmumi. Sano, sana, sane, sani, sanu, san- 
iga, saneco, sanilo, sanigi, sanifi, sanejo, sanisto, 
sanulo, malsano, malsana, malsane, malsani, mal- 
sanulo, malsaniga, malsanifi, malsaneta, malsan- 
ema, malsanulejo, malsanulisto, malsanero, mal- 
saneraro, sanigebla, sanigisto, sanigilo, sanilo, 


Exercises 179 


resanigi, resaniganto, sanigilejo, sanigejo, malsan- 
emulo, sanilaro, malsanaro, malsanulido, nesana, 
malsanado, sanilajo, malsaneco, malsanemeco, 
saniginda, sanilujo, sanigilujo, remalsano, remal- 
sanifo, malsanulino, sanigista, sanigilista, sanil- 
ista, malsanulista® k. t. p. 


TRANSLATION 42 


We all convened to discuss a very important 
matter, but we could not attain any result, and we 
separated. "Unhappiness often unites people and 
and happiness often separates them. *I tore up 
the letter and scattered its fragments into all cor- 
ners of the room. ‘He gave me money, but I 
immediately returned it to him. °I am going 
away, but await me, as I shall soon return. °The 
sun reflects in the clear water of the river. ‘I 
said to the king: ‘“‘ Your Majesty, pardon me!” 
8 Of the three letters, one was addressed: ‘‘To His 
Reverence, Bishop N.’’; the second: ‘‘To His 
Excellency, Count P.’’; the third: ““To The Hon- 
orable Mr. D.”? ° The suffix wm has no definite 
meaning, and therefore the (very few) words with 
um one should learn as simple words. *For ex- 
ample: plenumi, kolumo, manumo. “1 willingly 
fulfilled his desire. ™In bad weather one can 
easily catch cold. 

*The ‘fifty-three words shown here from the root san’ are 


self-defining and serve to illustrate the wide latitude of ex- 
pression which may be had by use of the affixes. 


18 The American Esperanto Book — 








CORRESPONDENCE ty a 


In the date-line of a letter, we usually omit the i. 
preposition ye and write the day of the month with 
accusative sign following the figures : 


St. Louis, 18 de Atigusto, 1908. 
San Francisko, 26™ de Marto, 1914. 


Everyone may safely use his own taste as to 
‘the form of salutation, conforming, however, to the 
relations between adresanto and adresato. By a 
peculiar paradox, the most formal style of address 
for Americans, ‘‘“My Dear Madam’, is far from 
formality in its literal meaning, and should the 
average European be addressed as A/ia Kara he 
would infer at least some degree of affection. A 
few of the many forms of greeting are: 

Sinjoro): 

Respektata Sinjorino: 

Tre Estimata Amtiko: 

Kara Kolego: 

. Kara Samideano*: 
The forms of closing letters are much the same 
as in English: 
Kun plena respekto, 
Tre vere via, 
Kun granda estimo, etc:, ete. 


®Sam-ide-an-o, a fellow-thinker. 


Correspondence 181 


Modelaj Leteroj 


Al Administranto de Amerika Esperantisto, 

Cikago, U. S. A. 

Sinjoro: 

Tralerninte mian lernolibron kun treega intereso, 
kaj dezirante lernadi pli multe pri Esperanto, kiel 
ankaii uzadi mian @is nun akiritan scion, mi sendas 
enfermite mandaton por la sumo da unu dolaro kaj 
dudek-kvin cendoj. Aminde enskribu mian nomon 
kiel abonanto al via gazeto dum unu jaro, komen- . 
conta je la oktobra kajero. Ankat, enpresu kiel 
eble plej frue, la sekvantan anonceton: 

Dekses-jara esperantistino deziras korespondadi 
kun kelkay geartistog de fremdaj landoj pri la inter- 
Sango de artajetojn, kuriozajojn, k.t. p. A/fable sin 
turnu al: Fno. Gladys Nelson, 23 Paul Avenue, 
Suite 16, Nov-Yorko. 


Esperante ke vi baldatit plenumos mian mendon, 
mi estas, sinjoro, | - 
Tre respekte la via, 
(Fratilino) Gladys Nelson. 


Urbo Nov-Jorko, 16°" de Septembro, 1907. 
23 Paul Avenue, Suite 16. 





182 The American Esperanto Book 


Toronto, Kanado, 17™ de Aprilo, 1908. 
D”® W. F. Cody, 
Galveston, Texas, U. §. A. 
Mia Kara Samideano: , 
Respondante vian leteron pri la reciproka inter- 
Sanfado de manuskriptoj predikaj, mi povas diri ke 
mi multe aprobas la projekton. Per tiu ¢i farado 
ni sendube ricevos multe da helpon, kaj plibonigos 
nian laboradon.. Mi sendas al vi per la sama poSsto 
la notojn de mia hieraiia prediko, titolita “‘Ju pli da 
Sapo, des pli da Sankteco.’”’ Mi vere kredas ke oni 
ne povas purigi la morojn de la amasoj @is kiam 
ili havos sufiée da ri€eco por fui purajn domojn, 
puran aeron kaj purajn vestojn. Cu vi opinias ke 
mi eraras? 
Frate via, 
Charles Saunders Hamm. 


Novembro la 6*", 1906. 
Sekretario de l’ Alfera Esperantista Societo, 

4, rue du Marine, Algero, Algerujo. 
Respektata Sinjoro: 

Cu vi povas doni al mi, po$tkarte, adreson de 
juna alfera esperantistino kiu kredeble Satus kores- 
pondi kun nord-amerika samideanino? Mi multe 
interesas pri la afero nia en Afriko, kaj deziras pli 
detale sciigi. Kun kora danko pro via komplezo, 
mi subskribas min, sinjoro, 

Via humila servantino, 
Alberta V. Edwards. 
Adreso: Griff, Mo., U. S. A. 


Correspondence 183 


Especially in correspondence with foreign per- 
sons, one should be careful to write plainly, as to 
many of these Esperanto script is not easy to read 
unless clearly written. Be particularly careful as 
to name and address. We Americans, many of 
whom habitually use figures of speech called s/ang 
while new, and good English when the gloss is worn 
off, must remember that such language cannot be 
translated. An Indiana man writes me that a. 
certain book is a fersike. Heis a rare American 
who doesn’t know what is meant by a metaphorical 
*‘peach,’”’? and most Europeans would understand 
if we mentioned “‘bird’’; but to the home-grown 
Japanese or Maori these words would indicate 
things pertaining to horticulture and ornithology. 


184 The American Esperanto Book 





LA ESPERANTISMO 


La sekvanta Deklaracio estis eldonata de la Unua 
Internacia Kongreso Esperantista en Boulogne-sur- 
Mer, la 9an de Atigusto, 1905: 


Car pri la esenco de la esperantismo multaj 
havas tre malveran ideon, tial ni subskribintoj, 
reprezentantoj de la esperantismo en diversaj landoj 
de la mondo, kunvenintaj alla Internacia Kongreso 
Esperantista en Boulogne-sur-Mer, trovis necese 
lati la propono de la aitoro de Esperanto doni la 
sekvantan klarigon. 


1. La esperantismo estas penado disvastigi en 
la tuta mondo la uzadon de lingvo netitrale homa, 
kiu, ‘‘ne entrudante sin en la internan vivon de la 
popoloj kaj neniom celante elpuSi la ekzistantajn 
lingvojn naciajn,’’ donus al la homoj de malsamaj 
nacioj la eblon komprenifadi inter si, kiu povos 
servi kiel paciga lingvo en publikaj institucioj de 
tiuj landoj, kie diversaj nacioj batalas inter si pri 
la lingvo, kaj en kiu povos esti publikigataj tiuj 
verkoj, kiuj havas egalan intereson por Ciuj popo- 
loj. Ciu alia ideo ai espero, kiun tiu ati alia 
esperantisto ligas kun la esperantismo, estas lia 
afero pure privata por kiu la esperantismo ne 
respondas. 

2. Caren la nuna tempo neniu esploranto jam 


La LEsperantismo 185 


dubas pri tio, ke lingvo internacia povas esti nur 
lingvo arta, kaj Gar el Giuj multegaj provoj faritaj 
en la datiro de la lastaj du centjaroj, Giuj prezentas 
nur teoriajn projektojn, kaj lingvo efektive finita, 
Giuflanke elprovita, perfekte vivipova kaj en Géiuj 
rilatoj pleje tatiiga montrifis nur unu sola lingvo, 
Esperanto; tial la amikoj de la ideo de lingvo 
internacia, konsciante ke teoria diskutado kondukos 
al nenio kaj ke la celo povas esti atingita nur per 
laborado praktika, jam de longe ¢iuj grupifis ¢irkaii 
la sola lingvo Esperanto kaj laboras por fia disvas- 
tigado kaj la ri¢igado de @ia literaturo. 

3. Car la aiitoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en 
la komenco rifuzis unufoje por Giam @iujn personajn 
rajtojn kaj privilegiojn rilate tiun lingvon, tial 
Esperanto estas “‘nenies proprajo’’ nek en rilato 
materiala, nek en rilato morala. Materiala majstro 
de tiu @i lingvo estas la tuta mondo kaj @iu dezi- 
ranto povas eldonadi en aii pri tiu éi lingvo Giajn 
verkojn, kiajn li deziras, kaj uzadi la lingvon por 
Giaj eblaj celoj; kiel spiritaj majstroj de tiu ¢@i 
lingvo estos ¢iam rigardataj tiuj personoj, kiuj de 
la mondo esperantista estos konfesataj kiel la plej 
bonaj kaj plej talentaj verkistoj de tiu ¢i lingvo. 

4. Esperanto havas neniun personan le@donan- 
ton kaj dependas de neniu aparta homo. Opinioj 
kaj verkoj de la kreinto de Esperanto havas, simile 
al la opinioj kaj verkoj de G@iu alia esperantisto, 
karakteron absolute privatan kaj por neniu devigan. 
La sola unufoje por ¢iam deviga por Giuj esperan- 


186 The American Esperanto Book 


tistoj fundamento de la lingvo Esperanto estas la 
verketo ‘‘Fundamento de Esperanto,” en kiu neniu — 


havas la rajton fari Sanfon. Se iu deklinifas de la 
reguloj kaj modeloj donitaj en la dirita verko, li 
neniam povos pravigi sin per la vortoj ‘‘tiel deziras 
aii konsilas la atitoro de Esperanto.” Ciun ideon, 
kiu ne povas esti oportune esprimata per tiu mate- 
rialo, kiu trovifas en la “‘Fundamento de Esperan- 
to,’’ iu esperantisto havas la rajton esprimi en tia 
maniero, kiun li trovas la plej usta, tiel same, kiel 
estas farate en Giu alia lingvo. Sed pro plena 
unueco de la lingvo al @iuj esperantistoj estas 
rekomendate imitadi kiel eble plej multe tiun 
stilon, kiu trovifas en la verkoj de la kreinto de 
Esperanto, kiu la plej multe laboris por kaj en 
Esperanto, kaj la plej bone konas @ian spiriton. 

5. Esperantisto estas nomate Giu persono, kiu 
scias kaj uzas la lingvon Esperanto, tute egale, por 
kiaj celoj li in uzas. Apartenado al ia aktiva societo 
esperantista por Giu esperantisto estas rekomend- 
inda, sed de deviga. 





VOCABULARIES 


The following Esperanto-English Vocabulary 
contains all of the word-roots found in the Funda- 
mento de Esperanto, with some hundreds of others 
' in general use. The student must understand that 
the great majority of these roots can be changed 
by the addition of the various grammatical endings 
and of the prefixes and suffixes; so that, having 
appropriated a thousand Esperanto roots, he will 
possess a working vocabulary of several thousand 
words. 


The English-Esperanto Vocabulary is merely a 
supplementary help, to assist the student in finding 
the root connected with the zdea he has in mind. 
It contains few feminine nouns, these being formed 
from the general or masculine term by adding the 
suffix zz. Hundreds of words for which Esperanto 
has no root equivalent are translated by the word 
of contrary meaning, with the prefix ma/, The 
method of word-building is shown in the following 
series of words from the root for health: 


Sano, health. 

Sani, to be healthy. 
Sana, healthy. 

Sane, healthfully. 
Sanigi, to make healthy. 


Vocabularies 


Sani@i, to become healthy. 

Malsani, to be ill. 

Malsano, sickness. 

Malsaneco, the state of being sick. 

Sanulo, a healthy person. 

Malsanulo, an inyalid. “4 

Resanigebla, curable. 

Nesanigebla, incurable. 

Malsanulejo, a sanitarium, hospital 

Resaniganta, convalescent. 

Remalsani®i, to suffer a relapse. 

Malsanema, sickly. 

Malsanero, a malady. 

Malsaneraro, a category of diseases. 

Sanemulino, a healthily-inclined female. 

Sanigilo, a medicine. 

Sanigilaro, materia medica. 

Sanigisto, a physician. 

Malsaneto, a slight disease. 

Malsanego, a very serious malady. 

Sanigilujo, a medicine case. 

Etc., etc,, etc. See full list of affixes, pp. 65 
to 69. 





Lsperanto-English Vocabulary : 3° 


a, adjective ending - 
abat-o, abbot 
abel-o, bee 
aberaci-o, aberration 
abi-o, fir 
abisen-o, Abysinnian 
abism.-o, abyss 
abiturient-o, abiturient 
ablativ-o, ablative 
abomen-o, abomination 
abon-i, to subscribe to 
abnegaci-o, abnegation 
abrikot-o, apricot 
abrotan-o, southern- 
wood 
abrupt-a, abrupt 
absces-o, abscess 
absin-to, absinthe 
absolut-a, absolute 
absolutism-o, absolut- 
ism 
absolv-i, to absolve 
absorb-i, to absorb 
abstemi-a, abstemious 
abstinenc-o, abstinence 
abstrakt-a, abstract 
absurd-a, absurd 
acer-o, maple 
acetat-o, acetate 
acetile-no, acetylene 


acid-a, sour 

aéet-i, to buy 

ad, suffix indicating con- 
tinued action: paroli, 
to speak; parolado, 
a speech 

adapt-i, to adapt 

adekvat-a, adequate 

adept-o, adept 

adiau, farewell 

adici-i, to add 

adjektiv-o, adjective 

adjunkt-o, adjunct 

adjutant-o, adjutant 

administr-i, administer 

administraci-o, admin- 
istration, management 

admir-i, to admire 

admiral-o, admiral 

admiralitat-o, admi- 
ralty 

admon-i, to admonish 

adopt-i, to adopt 

ador-i, worship, adore 

adres-i, to address 

adstring-a, astringent 

adult-i, to commit adul- 
tery 

adverb-o, adverb 

advent-o, advent 


4 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


advokat-o, 
advocate 

aer-o, air; aerumi, to 
ventilate 

aerometr-o, aerometer 

aeronattik-o, aeronaut- 
ics 

aerostat-o, aerostat 

afabl-a, affable 

afekci-o, affection (not 
love) 

afekt-i, to affect 

afer-o, affair, matter 

aforism-o, aphorism 

afiks-o, affix 

afi§-o, placard 

afrank-i, to pay postage 


attorney, 


Afrik-o, Africa . 
afust-o, gun-carriage 
ag-i, to act 


agac-i, to set the teeth 
on edge 

agarik-o, mushroom 

agat-o, agate 

agend-o, note-book 

agent-o, agent 

agit-i, to agitate (fo/.) 

agiot-o, a speculation in 
stocks 

agl-o, eagle 

aglomer-i, to agglom- 
erate 

aglutin-i, to agglutinate 

agoni-o, agony 

agord-i, to tune 

agrabl-a, agreeable 


agraf-o, metal clasp 
agregat-o, aggregate 
agrikultur-o, agricul- 
ture : 
agronomi-o, agronomy 
ag-o, age 
ajl-o, garlic 
ajn ever: 
whenever 
aj, something made from 
or possessing the 
quality of: bovo, ox; 
bovajo, dcef; bela, 
beautiful; belajo, a 
beautiful thing. 
akaci-o, acacia 
akademi-o, academy 
akapar-i, to ‘‘corner 
the market’’ of 
akar-o, mite, tick 
akcel-i, to hasten, ac- 
celerate 
akcent-o, accent 
akcept-i, to accept 
akcesor-o, accessory 
akci-o, share of stock 
akcident-o, accident 
akcipitr-o, hawk 
akciz-o, excise 
akir-i, to acquire 
aklam-i, to acclaim 
akn-o, pimple 
akompan-i, to accom- 
pany 
akomod-i,accommodate 
to, to fit 


kiam ajn, 





; 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


akonit-o, aconite 
akord-o, chord (music) 
akr-a, sharp 
akrid-o, grasshopper 
akrobat-o, acrobat 
aks-o, axle 
aksel-o, axle-hole 
aksiom-o, axiom 
akt-o, act (theatrical) 
aktiv-a, active (gram.) 
aktor-o, actor 
akurat-a, accurate 
akustik-o, accoustics 
akuS-i, to deliver a 
woman 
akut-a, acute 
akuzativ-o, accusative 
akv-o, water 
akvafort-o, aquafortis 
akvarel-o, a painting 
in water-color 
akvari-o, aquarium 
al, to or toward 
alabastr-o, alabaster 
alarm-o, alarm 
alaid-o, lark (bird) 
alban-o, Albanian 
albinos-o, albino 
album-o, album 
albumen-o, albumen 
alcion-o, halcyon 
ald-o, alto 
ale-o, walk, path 
alegori-o, allegory 
alen-o, awl 
alfabet-o, alphabet 


alg-oj, sea-weed 
algebr-o, algebra 
Algeri-o, Algiers 
alhemi-o, alchemy 
ali-a, other 
ali-e, otherwise 
alibi-o, alibi 
aline-o, paragraph or 
break in printing 
aligator-o, alligator 
alk-o, elk 
alkali-o, alkali 
alkohol-o, alcohol 
alkoy-o, alcove 
almanak-o, almanac 
almenat, at least 
almoz-o, alms 
aln-o, alder 
alo-o, aloes 
alopati-o, allopathy 
Alp-oj, Alps 
alpak-o, alpaca 
alt-a, high 
altar-o, altar 


- alte-o, marshmallow 


altern-i, to alternate 

alternativ-o, an alter- 
native 

alumet-o, match 

alun-o, alum 

alud-i, to allude to 

amalgam-o, amalgam 

amas-o, crowd 

amator-o, amateur 

am basador-o, ambassa- 
dor 


6 Es peranto-£. nglish Vocabulary 


ambai, both 
am bici-o,ambition 
ambl-o, amble 
_ambos-o, anvil 
ambr-o, ambergris 
ambrozi-o, ambrosia 
ambulanc-o, ambulance 
amel-o, starch 
amen! amen! 
Amerik-o, America 
ametist-o, amethyst 
amfibi-a, amphibious 
amfiteatr-o, amphithe- 
ater 
amik-o, friend 
amindum.-i, make love 
amnesti-o, amnesty 
amoniak-o, ammoniac 
ampleks-o, extent, size 
amput-i, amputate 
amuz-i, to amuse 
an, suffix: indicating a 
member, citizen, par- 
tisan, etc.: Ameriko, 
America; Amerikano, 
an American 
anagram.-o, anagram 
anakronism-o,anachro- 
nism 
analiz-i, to analyze 
analogi-o, analogy 
analitik-o, analytics 
ananas-o, pineapple 
anarhi-o, anarchy 
anatomi-o, anatomy 
anas-o, duck 


an€ov-o, anchovy 
And-oj, Andes 
Andaluzi-o, Andalusia 
anekdot-o, anecdote 
aneks-i, toannex 
anemon-o, anemone 
angil-o, eel 
angin-o, quinsy, angina 
angl-a, English 
angl-o, Englishman 
anglism-o, anglicism 
angul-o, angle, corner 
angel-o, angel 
angelus-o, angelus 
anilin-o, aniline 
anim.-o, soul 
aniz-o, anise 
ankau, also 
ankorai, yet, still 
ankr-o, anchor 
anomali-o, anomaly 
anonc-i, announce 
anonim-a, anonymous 
ans-o,catch, clinch, latch 
anser-0, goose 
anstatau, instead of 
ant, sign of present act- 
ive participle: amanta 
loving 
antagonism-o, 
onism 
antagonist-o, antagon- 
ist 
antarkt-a, antarctic 
antat, before 
anten-o, antenna 


antag- 





Esperanto-English Vocabulary 7 


_anticip-i, to anticipate 
antikrist-o, Antichrist 
antikv-a, antique 
antilop-o, antelope 
Antil-oj, the Antilles 
antimon-o, antimony 
antipati-o, antipathy 
antipod-oj, antipodes 
antiseps-a, antiseptic 
antitez-o, antithesis 
antologi-o, anthology 
antracit-o, anthracite 
antraks-o, anthrax 
antropologi-o, anthro- 
pology 
Anunciaci-o, Annunci- 
ation 
anus-o, anus 
aort-o, aorta 
apanag-o, appanage 
aparat-o, apparatus 
apart-a, special, sepa- 
rate 
apartament-o, 
apartment 
aparten-i, to belong to 
apati-o, apathy 
apelaci-o, apellation 
apenat, hardly,scarcely 
Apenin-oj, Appenines 
aper-i, to appear 
apetit-o, appetite 
aplatid-i, to applaud 
aplomb-o, aplomb 
apog-i, to lean upon 
apoge-o, apogee 


suite, 


apokalips-o,apocalypse 
apokrif-a, apocryphal 
apolog-o, apologue 
apologi-o, apology 
apopleksi-o, apoplexy 
apostat-a, apostate 
apostaz-i, to apostatize 
apostol-o, apostle 
apostrof-o,apostrophe ’ 
apotek-o, a chemist’s 
shop 
apoteoz-o, apotheosis 
apozici-o, apposition 
apr-o, wild boar 
April-o, April 
aprob-i, to approve 
apsid-o, apsis 
apud, near 
ar, indicates a collection 
of things: arbo, /ree; 
arbaro, forest 
arab-o, an Arab 
arabesk-o, arabesque 
arak-o, arrack 
arane-o, spider 
aran@g-i, to arrange 
arb-o, tree 
arbitr-a, arbitrary 
arbitraci-o, arbitration 
ar€o, violin bow 
ard-o, ardor 
arde-o, heron 
ardez-o, slate 
arometr-o, areometer 
are-o, area 
aren-o, arena 


8 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


areopag-o, areopagus 
arest-i, to arrest 
argil-o, clay 
argon-o, argon 
argument-o, argument 
Argus-o, Argus 
arfent-o, silver 
arhaik-a, archaic 
arhaism-o, archaism 
arheologi-o,archeology 
arhipelag-o, archipel- 
ago 
arhitektur-o, architec- 
ture 
arhitrav-o, architrave 
arhiv-o, archives 
ari-o, air (music) 
aristokrat-o, aristocrat 
aritmetik-o, arithmetic 
ark-o, arc, bow 
arkad-o, arcade 
arke-o, ark (oah’s) 
arkt-a, arctic 
arleken-o, harlequin 
arm-i, to arm 
arme-o, army 
armen-o, Armenian 
arnik-o, arnica 
arog-i (al si), to arro- 
gate to oneself 
arogant-a, arrogant 
arom-o, aroma 
arorut-o, arrowroot 
arpe@-o, arpeggio 
arsenik-o, arsenic 
art-o, art 


artemezi-o, wormwood 
arteri-o, artery 
artez-a, artesian 
artifik-o, artifice 
artik-o, joint 
artikol-o,article(gram. ) 
artileri-o, artillery 
artist-o, artist 
artiSok-o, artichoke 
artrit-o, arthritis 
as, present tense ending 
of verbs 
as-o, ace, of cards 
asafetid-o, asafetida 
asbest-o, asbestos 
asekur-i, to insure 
asert-i, to assert 
asesor-o, an assistant 
judge 
asfiksi-o, asphyxia 
asign-i, to assign 
asimil-i, to assimilate 
asist-i, to assist 
askarid-o, spoolworm 
asket-o, ascetic 
asketism-o, asceticism 
asoci-o, association, 
organization 
asonanc-o, assonance 
asparag-o, asparagus 
aspekt-o, aspect 
aspid-o, asp, aspic 
aspir-i, to aspire 
asteroid-oj, asteroids 
astr-oj, stars, in general 
astrologi-o, astrology 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 9 


astronomi-o, 
omy 
at-, sign of the present 
passive participle : 
amate, deing loved 
atak-i, to attack 
atavism-o, atavism 
ateism-o, atheism 
ateist-o, atheist 
atenc-i, to attempt 
atend-i, to wait 
atent-a, attentive 
atest-i, to attest 
ating-i, reach, attain 
Atlantik-a, Atlantic 
atlas-o, satin 
atlet-o, athlete 
atmosfer-o, atmosphere 
atom-o, atom 
atribu-i, to attribute 
atribut-o, attribute 
atripl-o, mountain spin- 
ach 
atrofi-o, atrophy 
atut-o, trump, at cards 
ati, or, either 
auid-i, to hear 
atiditori-o, audience 
aligur-o, augury 
Aigust-o, August 


astron- 


babil-i, to chattér 
babord-o, larboard 
bacil-o, bacillus 
bagatel-o, trifle 


aukci-o, auction 
auireol-o, aureole 
aurikl-o, auricle 
Atror-o, Aurora 
auskult-i, to listen 
allspic-oj, auspices 
austr-o, an Austrian 
Aistrali-o, Australia 
alitentik-a, authentic 
autobiografi-o,  auto- 
biography 
alutograf-o, autograph 
atitokrat-o, autocrat 
autokrati-o, autocracy 
automat-o, automaton 
automobil-o, automo- 
bile 
autor-o, author 
atitoritat-o, authority 
altun-o, autumn 
av-o, grandfather 
avar-a, avaricious 
avel-o, hazelnut 
aven.-o, oats 
aventur-o, adventure 
avid-a, avid, eager 
aviz-i, to notify 
azen-o, ass, donkey 
Azi-o, Asia 
azot-o, azote 


bajonet-o, bayonet 
bak-i, to bake 
bakteri-o, bacterium 
bal-o, ball, dance 


10 LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 


bala-i, to sweep 
balad-o, ballad 
balanc-i, to balance 
balast-o, ballast 
balbut-i, to stammer 
baldaken-o,, canopy 
baldau, soon 
balen-o, whale 
balet-o, ballet 
balkon-o, balcony 
balon-o, balloon 
balot-i, to vote by ballot 
Balt-a, Baltic 
balustrad-o, balustrade 
balzam-o, balsam 
balzamen-o, balsamine 
bambu-o, bamboo 
ban-i, to bathe 
banan-o, banana 
band-o, band, gang 
banda®g-o, bandage 
banderol-o, a strip of 
paper 
bandit-o, bandit 
bank-o, bank(financial) 
bankier-o, banker 
bankrot-i, to fail in 
business 
bant-o, bow of ribbon 
bapt-i, baptize 
bar-i, to obstruct 
barak-o, barracks 
barakt-i, to struggle 
barb-o, beard 
barbar-o, barbarian 
barbarism-o, barbarism 





barbir-o, barber 
bar€o, beet-root soup 
barel-o, barrel, cask 
barier-o, barrier 
barikad-o, barricade 
bariton-o, baritone 
barium-o, barium 
bark-o, bark (boat) 
barometr-o, barometer 
baron-o, baron 

bas-o, base (music) 
basen-o, reservoir 
bask-o, skirt of garment 
bast-o,inner bark of tree 
bastard-o, bastard 
bastion-o, bastion 
baston-o, stick 
baSlik-o, kind of hood 
bat-i, to beat 

batal-i, to fight 
batalion-o, battalion 
batat-o, sweet potato 
bateri-o, battery 
batist-o, cambric, lawn 
bavar-o, a Bavarian 
baz-o, chemical base 
bazalt-o, basalt 
bazar-o, bazar 
bazilik-o, basilica 
bazilisk-o, basilisk 
bed-o, garden-bed 
bedair-i, to regret 
beduen-o, Bedouin 
bek-o, beak 

bel-a, fine, beautiful 
beladon-o, belladonna 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary II 


- beletristik-o, 
lettres 
belg-o, a Belgian 
ben-i, to bless 
benefic-o, benefice 
benk-o, bench 
benzin-o, benzine 
benzol-o, benzola 
ber-o, berry 
berber-o, a Berber 
beril-o, beryl - 
best-o, beast 
bet-o, beet 
betul-o, birch 
bezon-i, to need, want 
bibli-o, Bible 
bibliografi-o, 
raphy 
bibliotek-o, library 
bicikl-o, bicycle 
bien-o, landed estate 
bier-o, beer 
bifstek-o, beefsteak 
bigami-o, bigamy 
bigot-a, bigoted 
bil-o, promissory note; 
bileto, ticket 
bilanc-o, balance-sheet 
bilard-o, billiards 
bilion-o, billion 
bild-o, picture, poster 
bind-i, to bind (books) 
binokl-o, binocular 
biografi-o, biography 
biologi-o, biology 
bird-o, bird 


bibliog- 


belles- 


biret-o, biretta 

bis, once more, encore 

biskvit-o, biscuit 

bismut-o, bismuth 

bistr-o, bistre 

bisturi-o, lancet 

bitum-o, bitumen 

bivak-o, bivouac 

blank-a, white 

blasfem-i,to blaspheme 

blat-o, weevil 

blazon-o, blazon 

blek-o, cry of animal 

blend-o, blende 

blind-a, blind 

blok-o, block 

blond-a, blonde 

bloy-i, to blow 

blu-a, blue 

bluz-o, blouse 

bo, relationship by mar- 
riage: patro, father ; 
bopatro, father-in-law 

boa-o, boa 

boat-o, boat 

boben-o, bobbin, spool 

bohem-o, a Bohemian 

boj-i, to bark 

bojkot-i, to boycott 

boks-i, to box 

bol-i, to boil 

Bolivi-o, Bolivia 

bomb-o, bomb 

bombard-i, to bombard 

bombon-o, bonbon 

bon-a, good 


12 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


bosk-o, grove, park 
bot-o, boot 
botanik-o, botany 
botel-o, bottle 
bov-o, ox 
bracelet-o, bracelet 

’ brahiur-o, crab 
brak-o, arm (of body) 
bram-o, bream (fish) 
braman-o, Brahmin 
bran-o, bran 

branéo, branch 
brand-o, brand 
brank-o, gills (of fish) 
bras-i, to brace (navi. ) 
brasik-o, cabbage 
brav-a, brave 
brazil-o, a Brazilian 
breé-o, breach 
bret-o, shelf 
breton-o, a Breton 
brev-o, papal breve 
brevier-o, breviary 
brid-o, bridle 
brigad-o, brigade 
brik-o, brick 

briketo, briquette 
bril-i, to shine 
briliant-o, a brilliant 
brit-a, British 
broé-o, brooch 
brod-i, to embroider 
brog-i, to scald 
brokant-i, to haggle 
brom-o, bromine 
bronk-o, bronchial tube 


, a 
Sa 

a 
Bat 


bronkit-o, bronchitis 
bronz-o, bronze 
bros-o, brush 
bro$ur-o, brochure — 
broy-o, eyebrow 
bru-o, noise 
brul-i, to burn ; bruligi, 
to cause to burn 
brun-a, brown 
brust-o, breast 
brut-o, brute 
bub-o, ragamuffin 
bubal-o, buffalo 
buéi, ‘to butcher 
bud-o, booth,small store 
bud@et-o, budget 
buf-o, toad 
bufed-o, buffet 
bufr-o, buffer of car 
buk-o, buckle 
buked-o, bouquet 
bukl-o, ringlet, curl 
buks-o, boxwood 
bul-o, ball of earth 
bulb-o, bulb, onion 
bulgar-o, a Bulgarian 
buljon-o, broth 
bulk-o, roll (bread) 
bulvard-o, boulevard 
bun-o, bun 
burd-o, bumble-bee 
bur®@-o, civilian, burgess 
burgon-o, bud 
burlesk-a, burlesque 
burnoos-o, burnoose 
busprit-o, bowsprit 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 13 


bust-o, bust 
buS-o, mouth 
buSel-o, bushel 
buter-o, butter 


car-O, czar 
ced-i, cede, yield 
cedr-o, cedar 
cejan-o, cornflower 
cel-i, to aim 

cek-o, Czech 
celeri-o, celery 
celuloid-o, celluloid 
cembr-o, kind of pine 
cement-o, cement 
cend-o, cent 

cent, hundred 
centav-o, centavo 


centigram-o, centigram 


centilitr-o, centilitre 
centim-o, centime 
centimetr-o, centimeter 
centr-o, center 
centraliz-i, centralize 
cenzur-i, to censure 
cerb-o, brain 
cercedul-o, teal 
ceremoni-o, ceremony 
ceri-o, cerium 
cert-a, certain, sure 
cerv-o, deer 
ceter-a, the rest; kaj 
ceteraj, and so forth 


butik-o, store 
buton-o, button 
butor-o, bittern 
buz-o, buzzard 


cezi-o, caesium 

ci, thou ; cin, thee 
cianacid-o,prussic acid 
cibet-o, civet 
cidoni-o, quince 
cidr-o, cider 
cifer-o, cipher, figure 
cigan-o, gipsy 
cigar-o, cigar 
cigared-o, cigarette 
cign-o, swan 
cikad-o, cicada 
cikatr-o, scar 
cikl-o, cycle 
ciklon-o, cyclone 
ciklop-o, cyclop 
cikoni-o, stork 
cikori-o, succory 
cikumo, brown owl 
cikut-o, hemlock 
cilindr-o, cylinder 
cim-o, bug 
cimbal-o, cymbal 
cinabr-o, cinnibar 
cinam-o, cinnamon 
cindr-o, ashes 
cinik-a, cynical 
cipres-o, cypress 


14 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


cir-o, shoe blacking 

cirk-o, circus 

cirkel-o, compass 

cirkl-o, circle 

cirkonstanc-o, circum- 
stance 

cirkul-i, to circulate 

cirkuler-o, a circular 

cirkumfleks-o, circum- 
flex 


éabrak-o, caparison 

€agren-o, chagrin 

€am-o, chamois 

€ambelan-o, chamber- 
lain 

éambro, room 

éampan-o, champagne 

@an-o, cock (of gun) 

€ap-o, furred cap 

€apel-o, hat 

éapitr-o, chapter 

Gar, because, for, since 

éar-o, chariot 

éarlatan-o, charlatan 

€arm-a, charming 

éarnir-o,-hinge 

éarpent-i, to do carpen- 
ter work 

éarpi-o, lint 

éas-i, to hunt 

€asta, chaste 

Ce, at 





cistern-o, cistern “if 
cit-i, to cite, quote wr 
citadel-o, citadel ie 
citr-o, zither ~ 
citron-o, lemon 
civil-a, civil( not milit- 
ary, etc.) 
civiliz-i, to civilize 
civilizaci-o,civilization 
col-o, inch 


éef-, head or principal: 
€efurbo, metropolis. 

@ek-o, check (on bank) 

€el-o, cell (of matter ; 
also of insects’ comb) 

€emizo, shirt 

éen-o, chain 

éeriz-o, cherry 

éerk-o, coffin 

éerp-i, to draw water 
from well 

éesi, to cease 

€eval-o, horse 

éi, the nearest: 
that; tio @i, this. 

Gia, all, all such 

éial, for every reason 

éiam, always 

€ie, everywhere 

€iel, in every way 

Giel-o, heaven, the sky 

€ies, everybody’s 


tio, 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 15 


éif-i, to crumple 
Cifon-o, rag 

éikan-i, chicane, cavil 
Gio, all, everything 
€iom, all, all of it 
@irkau, around 

Giu, each, every one 
éirp-i, to chirp 


da, of ; used instead of 
de after words denot- 
ing quantity, weight, 
number. 

daktil-o, date (fruit) 

dali-o, dahlia 

dalmat-a, Dalmatian 

dam-oj,draughts (game 

damask-o, damask 

dan-o, a Dane 

danc-i, to dance 

dand-o, a dandy 

danger-o, danger 

dank-i, to thank 

Dardanel-oj, Dardan- 
elles 

dat-o, date (time); dat- 
umi, to date 

dativ-o, dative 

datur-o, datura 

datri, to continue 

de, of, by, since, from 

debet-o, a ‘“‘charge,”’ 
debit (indicates debt) 


€iz-i, to chisel 

éj, endearing diminutive 
for masculine names: 
Petro, Peter; Peéjo, 
Pete. 

éil-o, a Chilian 

€okolad-o, chocolate 

éu, whether 


debit-o, selling transac- 
tion, ready sale 
dec-i, to be proper, de- 
cent 
Decembr-o, December 
decid-i, to decide 
decilitr-o, decilitre © 
decimal-a, decimal 
decimetr-o, decimeter 
de@ifr-i, to decipher 
dedi@i, to dedicate 
dedukt-i, to deduce 
defend-i, to defend 
deficit-o, deficit 
definitiv-a, definitive 
degel-i, to thaw 
degener-i, degenerate 
degrad-i, to degrade 
dejor-i, to be on duty 
dek, ten 
dekadenc-o, decadence 
dekagram-o, dekagram 
dekametr-o, dekame- 
ter 


16 


dekan-o, dean 
deklam-i, to declaim 
deklar-i, to declare 
deklaraci-o, declaration 
deklinaci-o, declension 
dekliv-o, declivity 
dekoraci-o, decoration 
dekret-i, to decree 
dekstr-a, right; oppo- 
site of left 
deleg-i, to delegate 
delegaci-o, delegation 
delfen-o, dolphin 
delikat-a, delicate 
delir-o, delirium 
delt-o, delta 
demagog-o, demagogue 
demand-i, to ask 
demokrat-o, democrat 
demokrati-o, democra- 
cy 
demon-o, demon 
denar-o, denarius 
dens-a, dense 
dent-o, tooth 
denunc-i, to denounce 
departement-o, depart- 
ment of government 
depe§S-o, dispatch 
depon-i, to deposit 
deput-i, to depute 
deriv-i, to derive 
des pli, the more 
desegn-i, to design 
desert-o, dessert 
desinfekt-i, disinfect 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 


despot-o, despot 
despotism-o,despotism 
destin-i, to destine 
detal-o, detail 
detektiv-o, detective 
determin-i, determine 
detru-i, to destroy 
dev-i, ought, must 
devi-i, to deviate 
deven-o, origin 
deviz-o, emblem, device 
dezert-o, desert 
dezir-i, to desire 

Di-o, God 

diabet-o, diabetes 
diabl-o, devil 
diadem-o, diadem 
diafan-a, diaphanous 
diafragm-o, diaphragm 
diagnostik-o, diagnosis 
diagnoz-i, to diagnose 
diagonal-a, diagonal 
diakon-o, deacon 
dialekt-o, dialect 
dialog-o, dialogue 
diamant-o, diamond 
diametr-o, diameter 
diant-o, a pink 
diapazon-o, diapason 
diboé-o, debauéh 
didaktik-a, didactic 
didelf-o, kangaroo 
diet-o, diet 

difekt-i, to damage 
diferenc-i, to differ 
difin-i, to define 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 17 


difteri-o, diphtheria 
diftong-o, diphthong 
dig-o, dike, dam 
digest-i, to digest 
diism-o, deism 
dik-a, thick; also ‘‘fat’’ 
dikt-i, to dictate 
diktator-o, dictator 
dilem-o, dilemma 
dilet-i, to delight in 
diligent-a, diligent 
dimané-o, Sunday 
dimensi-o, dimension 
diminutiv-o, diminutive 
dinam-o, dynamo 
dinamik-o, dynamics 
dinamit-o, dynamite 
dinasti-o, dynasty 
diplom-o, diploma 
diplomat-o, diplomat 
diplomati-o, diplomacy 
dir-i, to say 
direkci-o, management, 
board of directors 
direkt-i, to direct 
direktor-o, director 
direktori-o, directory 
dis, indicates separation 
or scattering: Siri, 
to tear; disS8iri, 7/0 
tear to pieces. 
disciplin-o, discipline 
disenteri-o, dysentery 
disertaci-o,dissertation 
disk-o, disc 
diskont-o, discount 


diskret-a, discreet 
diskut-i, to discuss 
dispepsi-o, dyspepsia 
dispon-i, to dispose 
disput-i, to dispute 
distanc-o, distance 
distil-i, to distil 
disting-i, to distinguish 
distr-i, to distract 
distribu-i, to distribute 
distrikt-o, district 
divan-o, divan 
diven-i, to guess 
divers-a, various 
diver@-i, to diverge 
divid-i, to divide 
dividend-o, dividend 
divizi-o, division (army 
do, indeed 

docent-o, docent, tutor 
dog-o, large dog, mastiff 
dogm-o, dogma 

dog-o, doge 

doktor-o, doctor 
doktrin-o, doctrine 
dokument-o, document 
dolar-o, dollar 

doléa, sweet 

dolor-o, pain 

dom-o, house 
doma®g-o, pity 
domen-o, domino 
don-i, to give 

donac-i, to make a gift 
dorlot-i, coddle, nurse 
dorm-i, to sleep 


18 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


dorm.-i, to sleep. 
dorn-o, a thorn 
dors-o, back 
dot-i, to give a dower 
doz-o, dose 
dragon-o, dragoon 
drak-o, dragon 
drakm-o, drachma 
drakon-a, draconian 
dram.-o, drama 
drap-o, cloth 
drapir-i, to drape 
drast-a, drastic 
dra&S-i, to thresh 
drelik-o, twilled cotton 
goods, drilling 
dren-i, to drain 
dres-i, to train 


e., abbreviation for ek- 
zemple; e. g. 

e, sign of derived ad- 
verb: bela, dcautiful; 
bele, dcautifully 

eben-a, even 

ebl’,denotes possibility: 
atdi, /o hear; atd- 
ebla, audible © 

ebon-o, ebony 

ebri-a, inebriate, drunk 

ebur-o, ivory 





driad-o, dryad 

drink-i, to tipple 

drog-o, drug 

dromedar-o,dromedary 

dron-i, to drown; dro- 
nigi, cause to drown 

druid-o, druid 

du, two 

dub-i, to doubt 

duel-i, fight a duel 

duet-o, duet 

duk-o, duke 

dukat-o, ducat 

dum, during, while 

dung-i, to hire 

duplikat-o, duplicate 

dur-o, a Spanish coin 

duS-o, douche 


ec, abstract quality : 
bona, good; boneco, 
goodness 

eé, even; e€ se, even if 

Eden-o, Eden 

edif-i, to edify 

edikt-o, edict 

eduk-i, to educate 

edz-o, a husband 

efekt-o, effect 

efektiv-a, real, actual 

efemer-a, ephemeral 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 19 


efemer-a, ephemeral 

efik-i, to effect 

eg’, increased degree cr 
size: vento, wind; 
ventego, fempest 

egal-a, equal 

Egid-o, Agis 

egipt-o, an Egyptian 

eglefin-o, haddock 

eglog-o, eclogue 

egoism-o, egotism 

egoist-o, egotist 

eh-o, echo 

ej’, place devoted to: 
lern-i, ¢o /earn; ler- 
nejo, 2 school 

ek’, prefix indicating an 
action of short dura- 
tion or sudden begin- 
ning: brili, Zo shine ; 
ekbrili, zo flash 

ekip-i, to equip 

eklektik-a, eclectic 

eklezi-o, church (the 
institution ) 

eklips-o, eclipse 

ekliptik-o, ecliptic 

ekonom-o, superintend- 
ent 

eks’, of the past, ex: 
eksprezidanto, ex- 
president. 

ekscelenc-o, excellency 
(title) 

ekscentr-a, eccentric 

eksces-o, excess 


ekscit-i, to excite 
eksklusiv-a, exclusive 


ekskomunik-i, to ex- 
communicate 
ekskrement-o,  excre- 
ment 


ekskurs-o, excursion 
ekspansi-o, expansion 
eksped-i, to expedite 
eksperiment-o, exper- 
iment 
ekspertiz-o, investiga- 
tion by experts 
eksplod-i, to explode 
ekspluat-i, to exploit, 
to work out 
eksport-i, to export 
ekspozici-o, exhibition, 
exposition 
ekspres-a, express,pos- 
itive 
ekstaz-o, ecstasy 
ekstemporal-o, extem- 
porization 
ekster, outside 
eksterm-i, exterminate 
ekstr-a, extra 
ekstrakt-o, extract 
ekstrem-a, extreme 
ekvaci-o, equation 
ekvator-o, equator 
ekvilibr-o, equilibrium 


ekvilibrism-o, equili- 
ibrism 

ekvivalent-o, equiva- 
lent 


20 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


ekvivok-a, equivocal 
ekzakt-a, mathematic- 
ally exact 
ekzamen-i, to examine 
eksegez-o, exegesis 
ekzekut-i, to put to 
death, execute 
ekzem-o, eczema 
ekzempl-o, example 
ekzempler-o, copy (of 
a book, etc.) 
ekzerc-i, to exercise 
ekzil-i, to exile 
el, out of, from, from 
among 
elast-a, elastic 
elefant-o, elephant 
elegant-a, elegant 
elegi-o, elegy 
elekt-i, to choose, elect 
elektr-o, electricity 
elektrolizeo, electrolysis 
elektromotor-o,  elec- 
tric motor 
element-o, element 
elevator-o, elevator 
elf-o, elf 
eleksir-o, elixir 
elips-o, ellipse 
elimini-i, to eliminate 
(math. ) 
elizi-i, to elide 
elokvent-a, eloquent 
em’, inclination: labori, 
to work; laborema, 
industrious. 


emajl-o, enamel 
emancipi-i, emancipate 
embaras-o, encum- 
brance 
emblem-o, emblem 
embrazur-o, embrasure 
embri-o, embryo. 
embriologi-o, embryol- 
ogy 
embusk-o, ambush 
emerit-o, emeritus 
emfaz-o, emphasis 
emigraci-o, emigration 
eminenc-o, eminence 
(title) 
eminent-a, eminent 
emoci-o, emotion 
empiri-a, empirical 
empirism-o, empirism 
en, in, into 
enciklopedi-o, encyclo- 
pedia 
endivi-o, endive 
energi-o, energy 
enigm-o, enigma 
enket-o, a poll of mem- 
bers; inquest, inquiry 
entomologi-o, entomol- 
ogy 
entrepren-i, undertake 
entuziasm-o, enthusi- 
asm 
enu-i, to be tired, dull 
enyi-i, to envy 
eparhi-o, diocese 
epidemi-o, epidemic 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 21 


epiderm-o, epidermis 
Epifani-o, Epiphany 
epigraf-o, epigraph 
epigram-o, epigram 
epikurism-o, epicurism 
epilepsi-o, epilepsy 
epilog-o, epilogue 
episkop-o, bishop 
epistol-o, epistle 
epitaf-o, epitaph 
epitet-o, epithet 
epitom-o, epitome 
epizod-o, episode 
epizooti-o, murrain 
epok-o, epoch 
epolet-o, epaulet 
epope-o, epopee 
er’, unit, one of a col- 
lection: sabl-o, sand; 
sablero, grain of sand 
erar-i, to err 
erik-o, heather 
erinac-o, hedgehog 
erizipel-o, erysipelas 
ermen-o, ermine 
ermit-o, hermit 
erotik-a, erotic 
erp-i, to harrow 
erupci-o, eruption 
escept-i, to except 
esenc-o, essence 
eskadr-o, squadron 
eskim-o, Esquimo 
eskort-o, escort 
esoter-a, esoteric 
esper-i, to hope 


esplor-i, to explore 
esprim-i, to express 
est-i, to be 
establ-i, to establish 
estetik-a, esthetic 
estim-i, to esteem 
esting-i, to extinguish 
estr-o, leader, chief 
estrad-o, rostrum 
eSafod-o, executioner’s 
scaffold 
et’, diminution of size 
or degree: monto, 
mountain ; monteto, 
hill 
eta@-o,story of building 
etat-o, social rank 
etend-i, to extend 
eter-o, ether 
etern-a, eternal 
etik-o, ethics 
etiket-o, etiquette 
etimologi-o, etymology 
etiop-o, an Ethiopian 
etnologi-o, ethnology 
etifemism-o euphemism 
etinuk-o, eunuch 
Eitrop-o, Europe 
evangeli-o, gospel 
eventual-a, eventual, 
contingent 
evident-a, evident 
evit-i, to avoid 
evoluci-o, evolution 
esofag-o, esophagus 
ezok-o, pike (fish) 


22 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


fab-o, bean 

fabel-o, story (fiction) 

fabl-o, fable 

fabrik-o, factory 

facil-a, easy 

faden-o, thread 

faeton-o, phaeton 

fag-o, beech 

fajenc-o, earthenware 

fajf-i, to whistle 

fajl-i, to file 

fajr-o, fire 

fak-o, section, division 

fakir-o, fakir 

faksimil-o, fac simile 

fakt-o, fact 

faktor-o, printer’s fore- 
man 

faktori-o, business de- 
pot, agency 

faktur-o, invoice 

fakultat-o, faculty (of 
college, etc.) 

fal-i, to fall 

falang-o, phalanx 

falbal-o, furbelow 

falé-i, to mow 

fald-i, to fold 

falk-o, falcon 

fals-i, to falsify, adul- 
terate 

falt-o, a wrinkle 





fam-o, rumor 
famili-o, family 
familiar-a, familiar 
fanatik-a, fanatical 
fand-i, to melt (metals) 
fanfar-o, fanfare 
fanfaron-i, to boast 
fantazi-o, fancy 
fantom-o, phantom 
far-i, to make, do 
fara-o, Pharaoh 
faring-o, pharynx 
farize-o, pharisee 
farm-i, to farm 
farmaci-o, pharmacy 
fart-i, to fare (as to 
health or safety) 
farun-o, flour 
fasad-o, facade 
fask-o, bundle 
fars-o, farce 
fason-o, shape cut ofa 
garment 
fast-o, fast, abstinence 
fatal-a, fatal 
fatalism-o, fatalism 
faik-o, jaw, opening 
fav-o, ringworm 
favor-a, favorable 
faz-o, phase (of 
moon, etc. ) 
fazan-o, pheasant 


the 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 23 


fazeol-o, haricot bean 
febr-o, fever 
Februar-o, February 
feé-o, dregs 
feder-i, to federate 
federaci-o, federation 
federalism-o, federal- 
ism 
fe-o, fay; feino, fairy 
fel-o, hide, pelt 
felié-a, happy 
felieton-o, feuilleton 
felp-o, velveteen 
felt-o, felt 
feminism-o, feminism 
feminist-o, suffragist, 
feminist 
femur-o, thigh 
fend-i, to split 
fenestr-o, window 
fenikopter-o, flamingo 
feniks-o, phoenix 
fenkol-o, fennel 
fenomen-o,phenomenon 
fer-o, iron 
ferdek-o, deck of ship 
ferm-i, to close 
ferment-i, to ferment 
fervor-o, fervor 
fest-i, to celebrate, to 
entertain 
festen-o, banquet 
feston-o, festoon 
fetié-o, fetish 
feid-a, feudal 
fez-o, fez (cap) 


fi! fie! 

fiakr-o, fiacre, cab 

fiané-o, a betrothed man 

fiask-o, fiasco 

fibr-o, fiber 

fibrin-o, fibrine 

fid-i, to trust, rely 

fidel-a, faithful 

fier-a, proud, haughty 

fig-o, fig 

figur-i, to represent by 
drawing, etc. 

fiks-i, to fix (not repair) 

fiktiv-a, fictitious 

fil-o, son 

filantrop-o, philanthro- 
pist 

filantropi-o, 
thropy 

filatel-o, philately 

filharmoni-o,  philhar- 
monics 

fili-o, branch of organi- 
zation, firm, etc. 

filigran-o, filigree 

filik-o, fern 

filistr-o, philistine, vul- 
garian 

filologi-o, philology 

filozof-o, philosopher 

filozofi-o, philosophy 

filtr-i, to filter 

fin-i, to finish 

final-o, finale 

financ-o, finance 

fingr-o, finger 


philan- 


24 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


Finland-o, Finlando 

firm-o, a firm 

fisk-o, public treasury 

fistul-o, fistula 

fiS-o, a fish © 

fizik-o, physics 

fiziologi-o, physiology 

fizionomi-o, physiog- 
nomy 

fjord-o, fjord 

flag-o, banner, 
flag 

flagr-i, to flicker, flare 

flam-o, flame 

flan-o, custard 

flanel-o, flannel 

fiank-o, side 

flar-i, to smell 

flat-i, to flatter 

flav-a, yellow 

fleg-i, to nurse 

flegm-o, phlegm 

fieksi-o, inflection 

flik-i, to patch, mend 

flirt-i, to flirt 

flok-o, flake 

flor-i, to flower, bloom 

floren-o, florin 

flos-o, raft 

flu-i, to flow 

flug-i, to fly 

fluid-a, liquid 

flut-o, flute 

foir-o, a fair 

foj-o, ‘‘time’’: unufojo, 
one time 


signal 





fojn-o, hay ae. 
fok-o, seal % 
foken-o, porpoise 
fokus-o, focus 
foli-o, leaf 
foment-i, foment - 
fond-i, to found 
fonetik-a, phonetic 
fonograf-o, phonograph 
font-o, spring of water 
fontan-o, fountain 
for, away from 
forges-i, to forget 
for®-i, to forge (metals) 
fork-o, fork 
form-o, form, shape 
formaci-o, formation 
formal-a, formal 
format-o,size and shape 
of a book 
formik-o, ant 
formul-o, formula 
forn-o, stove, oven 
fort-a, strong 
fortepian-o, piano 
fortik-a, solid, substan- 
tial 
forum.-o, forum 
fos-i, to dig 
fosfor-o, phosphorus 
fost-o, stake, post 
fotograf-i, to photo- 
graph 
frag-o, strawberry 
fragment-o, fragment 
fraj-o, spawn 


LE speranto-English Vocabulary 25 


frak-o, 
coat 
frakas-i, to shatter 
frakci-o, fraction 
fraksen-o, ash (tree) 
framason-o, freemason 
framb-o, raspberry 
franc-o, a Frenchman 
frand-i, to be fond of 
sweets 
frangol-o, black alder 
frang-o, fringe 
frank-o, franc 
frap-i, to knock 
frat-o, brother 
fratl-o, unmarried man 
fraz-o, phrase 
fregat-o, frigate 
fremd-a, foreign 
frenez-a, mad, crazy 
fresk-o, fresco 
freS-a, fresh 
fring-o, chaffinch 
fringel-o, canary 
fripon-o, rascal, rogue 
fris-o, frieze 
frit-i, to fry 
frivol-a, frivolous 
friz-i, to curl (the hair) 
froma®g-o, cheese 


evening dress 


gabi-o, gabion 
gad-o, codfish 


front-o, front of army 
fronton-o, gable 
frost-o, frost 

frot-i, to rub 

fru-e, early 
frugileg-o, rook 
frukt-o, fruit 

frunt-o, forehead 
ftiz-o, consumption 


-fug-o, fugue 


fulard-o, foulard 
fulg-o, soot 
fulm-o, lightning 
fum-i, to smoke 
fund-o, bottom 
fundament-o, 
tion 
funebr-o, funeral 
funel-o, funnel 
fung-o, mushroom 
funkci-o, function 
funt-o, pound 
furag-o, forage 
furioz-a, furious 
furor-o, furore 
furunk-o, a boil 
fusten-o, fustian 
fuS-i, to bungle, botch 
fut-o, foot (measure) 
fuzilier-o, fusilier 


founda- 


gaj-8, Bay 
gajn-i, to gain 


26 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


gal-o, bile, gall 
galant-o, snowdrop 
galanteri-o, toilet ar- 
ticles 
galantin-o, galantine 
galen-o, galena 
galer-o, ship’s galley 
galeri-o, gallery 
galicism-o, gallicism 
gall-a, Gallic 
galop-i, to gallop 
galo8-o, galosh 
galvan-a, galvanic 
galvanism-o,galvanism 
gam-o, gamut 
gama§s-o, gaiter 
gangli-o, ganglion 
gangren-o, gangrene 
gant-o, glove 
garanti-i, to guarantee 
garb-o, a sheaf 
gard-i, to guard 
gardeni-o, gardenia 
gargar-i, to gargle 
garn-i, garnish,decorate 
garnitur-o, garniture 
garnizon-o, garrison 
garol-o, jay 
gas-O, gas 
gast-o, guest 
gastronomi-o, gastron- 
omy 
gavot-o, gavotte 
gaz-O, gauze 
gazel-o, gazelle 
gazet-o, gazette 


hee |. ts 
; ay 


ge’, prefix meaning both 
sexes: patro, father; 
gepatroj, parents. 
gehen-o, gehenna 
gelaten-o, gelatine 
gem-o, gem 
gencian-o, gentian 
genealogi-o, genealogy 
general-o, a general 
generaci-o,a generation 
geni-o, genius, talent 
genitiv-o, genitive 
genot-o, genet 
gent-o, tribe 
genu-o, knee 
geografi-o, geography 
geologi-o, geology 
geometri-o, geometry 
gerani-o, geranium 
german-a, German 
gerundi-o, gerundive 
gest-o, gesture 
gigant-o, a giant 
gild-o, guild 
gimnastik-a, gymnastic 
gimnazi-o, a college 
gine-o, guinea (coin) 
gips-o, gypsum 
girfalk-o, gerfalcon 
girland-o, garland 
gitar-o, guitar 
glace-a, spick and span, 
““dress-’’ 
glaci-o, ice 
glad-i, to iron, smooth 
gladiator-o, gladiator 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 27 


glan-o, acorn 
gland-o, gland 
glas-o, drinking-glass 
glat-a, smooth 
glav-o, sword 
glazur-o, varnish 
glicerin-o, glycerine 
gliciriz-o, licorice 
glikoz-o, glucose 
glim-o, mica 
glit-i, to glide 
glob-o, globe 
glor-i, to glorify 
glu-i, to stick 
glut-i, to swallow 
gobi-o, gudgeon 
golet-o, schooner 
golf-o, gulf, bay 
gondol-o, gondola 
gorg-o, throat 
goril-o, gorilla 
got-a, Gothic 
graci-a, graceful 
grad-o, grade, degree 
graf-o, earl, count 
grafit-o, graphite 
grajn-0, a grain, stone, 
pip (of fruit) 
grak-i, to croak 
gram-o, gram 
gramatik-o, grammar 
gran-o, a grain, particle 
granat-o, pomegranate 
grand-a, large, great 
grandioz-a, grandiose, 
magnificent 


granit-o, granite 
gras-a, fat 
grat-i, to scratch . 
gratul-i, to congratulate 
grav-a, important 
graved-a, enciente 
gravur-i, to engrave 
grek-o, a Greek 
gren-o, grain, cereal 
grenad-o, grenade 
Grenland-o, Greenland 
gri-o, oatmeal 
grif-o, griffin 
grifel-o, slate-pencil, 
stylus 
gril-o, cricket 
grimac-o, grimace 
grinc-i, to grate, rasp 
grip-o, influenza 
griz-a, gray 
grog-o, grog 
gros-o, gooseberry 
grot-o, grotto 
grotesk-a, grotesque 
gru-o, crane (bird) 
grum-o, groom 
grumbl-i, to grumble 
grunt-i, to grunt 
grup-o, group 
guan-o, guano 
guberni-o, government 
of a province or state 
gudr-o, tar 
guf-o, a large owl 
gulden-o, gulden - 
gum-o, gum 


28 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


gurd-o, hand-organ 

gust-o, taste 

gustum.-i, to taste 

gut-i, to drip 

gutaperk-o, gutta per- 
cha 


@arden-o, garden 
@em-i, to groan 
Zen-i, to hinder 
@endarm-o, gendarme 
Zeneral-a, general 
Zentil-a, polite 
@erm-o, germ 

ait ~ 

Zib-o, hump 

@in-o, gin 


ha! ha! ah! 

Haban-o; Havana 

hajl-o, hail 

hak-i, to hack 

hal-o, a covered mar- 
ket-place 

haladz-o, offensive ex- 
halation 

halebard-o, halberd 

helen-a, Hellenic 

halt-i, to stop; haltigi, 
to cause to stop 





guvern-i, to educate in 
private 

gvardi-o, a guard of 
soldiers 

gvid-i, to guide 


> 


ginece-o, gynecium 
@ir-o, endorsement (of 
_ note, draft, etc.) 
@iraf-o, giraffe 

fis, till, until, as far as 
Givr-o, hoar-frost 
8oj-0, joy 

@u-i, to enjoy 

@ust-a, just, exact 


halter-o, dumb-bell 
halucinaci-o, hallucin- 
ation 
hamak-o, hammock 
hamstr-o, hamster 
har-o, hair 
haradri-o, plover 
hard-i, to harden 
harem-o, harem 
haring-o, herring 
harmoni-o, harmony 
harp-o, harp 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 29 


harpi-o, harpy 

harpun-o, harpoon 

hait-o, skin 

hav-i, to have, possess 

haven-o, haven, port 

hazard-o, hazard 

he! hey! hello! 

hebre-o, Hebrew 

heder-o, ivy 

hejm-o, home 

hejt-i, to heat 

hekatomb-o, hecatomb 

heksametr-o, hexame- 
ter 

hektar-o, hectare 


hektograf-o, hekto- 
graph 

hektogram-o, hekto- 
gram 


hektolitr-o, hektolitre 
hektometr-o, hekto- 
meter 
hel-a, bright, glaring 
helik-o, edible snail 
heliotrop-o, heliotrope 
helium-o, helium 
help-i, to help, assist 
hemorojd-o, piles 
hepat-o, liver 
heraldik-o, heraldry 
herb-o, herb, grass 
herbari-o, herbarium 
hered-i, to inherit 
herez-o, heresy 
hermafrodit-o, herma- 
phrodite 


hermetik-a, air-tight 
herni-o, hernia, rupture 
hero-o, hero 
herold-o, herald 
heterogen-a, heteroge- 
neous 
hetman-o, 
chief 
hiacint-o, hyacinth 
hidr-o, hydra 
hidrarg-o, mercury _ 
hidratlik-o, hydraulics 
hidrofobi-o, hydropho- 
bia 
hidrops-o, dropsy 
hien-o, hyena 
hierarhi-o, hierarchy 
hierat, yesterday 
hieroglif-o, hieroglyph 
higien-o, hygiene 
himn-o, hymn 
hind-o, a Hindoo 
hiperbol-o, hyperbole 
hipnot-a, hypnotic 
hipodrom-o, hippo- 
drome 
hipokrit-i, to pretend 
hipopotam.-o, hippopo- 
tamus 
hipotek-o, mortgage 
hipotenuz-o, hypothe- 
nuse 
hipotez-o, hypothesis 
hirt-a, bristly 
hirud-o, leech 
hirund-o,swallow(bird) 


a Cossack 


30 


hiskiam-o, henbane 
hisop-o, hyssop 
hispan-o, a Spaniard 
histeri-o, hysteria 
histori-o, history 
histrik-o, porcupine 
histrion-o, clown 
ho! oh! ho! 
hoboj-o, hautboy, oboe 
hodiat, today 
hok-o, hook 
holand-a, Dutch 
_hold-o, hold of ship 
hom-o, human being 
homeopati-o, homeop- 
athy : 
homogen-a, 
eous 
honest-a, honest 
honor-i, to honor 
honorari-o, honorarium 


homogen- 


hameleon-o, chameleon 
haos-o, chaos 

hemi-o, chemistry 
himer-o, chimera 
hin-o, a Chinese person 
hirurg-o, surgeon 
hirurgi-o, surgery 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


hont-i, to be ashamed 
hor-o, hour 

horde-o, barley 
horizont-o, horizon 
horlog-o, clock 
horoskop-o, horoscope 
hortensi-o, hortensia 
hospital-o, hospital 
hotel-o, hotel 

ho ve! alas! 

huf-o, hoof 

hulul-o, howlet 
human-a, humane 
humer-o, humerus 
humil-a, humble 
humor-a, humorous 
hund-o, dog 
hungar-o, a Hungarian 
hura! hurrah! 

huz-o, large sturgeon 
huzar-o, hussar 


holer-o, cholera 

hor-o, choir 

horal-o, chorale 

hromotipi-o, chromo- 
type, color-printing 

hronologi-o, chronol- 
ogy 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 31 


i, infinitive verb ending: 
ami, /o love 

ia, any kind of 

ial, for any reason 

iam, ever, at any time 

ibis-o, ibis 

id’, the young of: kato, 
cat; katido, kitten 

ide-o, idea 

ideal-a, ideal 

idealism-o, idealism 

ident-a, identical 

idili-o, idyll 

idiom-o, idiom 

idiot-o, idiot 

idol-o, idol 

ie, some place, anywhere 

iel, somehow, anyhow 

ies, somebody’s, any 
person’s 

ig’, to cause to become: 
bela, dcautiful; bel- 
igi, deautify. 

ignam-o, yam 

ignor-i, to ignore 

ig’, to become: ru@a, 
red; rugigi, to blush 

ihtiokol-o, isinglass 

il’, tool or instrument : 
tondi, c/z/p; tondilo, 
SCUSSOrS 

ileks-o, holly 

ili, they 

ilumin-i, to illuminate 


ilustr-i, to illustrate 
iluzi-o, illusion 
imag-i, to imagine 
imit-i, to imitate 
imperi-o, empire 
imperial-o, roof of a 
vehicle 
imperialism-o, imperi- 
alism 
impertinent-a, imper- 
tinent 
implik-i, to implicate 
impon-i, to impose 
import-i, to import 
impost-o, tax 
impotent-a, impotent 
impres-o, impression 
impuls-o, impulse 
imput-i, to impute 
imun-a, immune 
in’, suffix of the femin- 
ine: viro, man; vir- 
ino, woman 


inatguraci-o, inaugu- 
- ration 

incit-i, to incite 

ind’, worth: fidi, Zo 


trust; fidinda, /rus/- 
worthy 
indeks-o, index 
indian-o, Indian 
indien-o, chintz 
indiferent-a, indifferent 
indig-o, indigo 





32 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


indign-i, to be indignant 
indigen-o, a native 
indikativ-o, indicative 
individu-o, individual 
induk-o, induction 
indulg-i, to indulge 
industri-o, industry, 
business 
inerci-o, inertia 
infan-o, child 
infanteri-o, infantry 
infekt-i, to infect 
infer-o, hell 
infinitiv-o, infinitive 
influ-i, to influence 
inform-i, to give infor- 
mation 
infuz-i, to infuse 
ing’, holdor for a single 
object: plumo, fen; 
plumingo, jenholder. 
ingven-o, groin 
inZenier-o, engineer 
iniciat-i, to initiate 
iniciativ-o, initiative 
injekt-i, to inject 
ink-o, ink 
inklin-o, inclination 
inklusiv-e, inclusive 
inkognit-o, incognito 
inkub-o, nightmare 
inkvizaci-o, inquisition 
inkvizitor-o, inquisitor 
inokul-i, to inoculate 
insekt-o, insect 
insid-i, to ensnare 


insign-o, insignia 
insist-i, insist 
inspekt-i, to inspect 
inspir-i, to inspire 
instal-i, to install 
instanc-o, instance 
instig-i, to instigate 
instinkt-o, instinct 
instituci-o, institution 
institut-o, institute 
instru-i, to instruct 
instrukci-o, directions, 
instructions 
instrument-o, musical 
instrument 
insul-o, island 
insult-i, to insult 
int’, the past participle: 
aminte, having loved 
integral-a, integral 
intelekt-o, intellect 
inteligent-a, intelligent 
intenc-i, to intend 
intens-a, intensive 
inter, between, among 
interdikt-o, interdict 
interes-i, to interest 
interjekci-o, interjec- 
tion 
intermit-i, to occur at 
intervals 
intern-a, internal 
interpret-i, to interpret 
interpunkci-o, punctu- 
ation 
intervju-o, interview 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 33 


intest-o, intestine 
intim-a, intimate 
intrig-i, to intrigue 
invad-i, to invade 
invalid-o, invalid 
invers-a, inverse 
inversi-o, inversion 
invit-i, to invite 

io, something, anything 
iom, somewhat, some 
ir-i, to go 

iris-o, iris 

Irland-o, Ireland 
ironi-o, irony 
inventar-o, inventory 


j, sign of the plural; 
knabo, doy; knaboj, 
boys. 

ja, indeed, in fact 

jaguar-o, jaguar 

jaht-o, yacht 

jak-o, a round jacket 

jam, already, yet 

jamb-o, iambus 

Januar-o, January 

japan-a, Japanese 

jar-o, year 

jard-o, yard (measure) 

jasmen-o, jessamine 

je, is an indefinite prep- 
osition 


is’, sign of past tense: 
amis, did love. 

Islam-o, Islam 

Island-o, Iceland 

ist’, one occupied with : 
kuraci, o hea/; kura- 
cisto, @ doctor. 

istm-o, isthmus 

it’, past participle pas- 
Sive: amite, saving 
been loved. 

ital-a, Italian 

iu, anybody, somebody 

izol-i, to isolate 

Izrael-o, Israel 


jen, behold, lo 
jes, yes 

Jesu-o, Jesus 
jod-o, iodine 

ju pli, the more 
jubile-o, jubilee 
jud-o, Jew 
juft-o, Russia leather 
jug-o, yoke 
jugland-o, walnut 
jugi, to judge 
juki, to itch © 
Juli-o, July 
jun-a, young 
jung-i, to harness 
Juni-o, June 


34 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


juniper-o, juniper 
junk-o, reed, stalk 





’ 


jurist-o, jurist ti 
just-a, just, righteous — 


junkr-o, Prussian noble jut-o, jute 


jup-o, skirt 


jak-o, morning-coat 
jaket-o, jacket 
jaluz-a, jealous 
jargon-o, jargon 
jatid-o, Thursday 
jet-i, to throw 


k. c., ay ceteray, and 
the rest 

k. s., kay similay, and 
similar 

k. sekv., ay sekvantay, 
and following 

k. a., £a/ alias, and oth- 
ers 

k. t. p., Aas tiel plu, and 
so forth 

kab-o, cape of land 

kabal-o, cabal 

kaban-o, cabin, hut 

kabinet-o, cabinet, 
closet 

kabl-o, cable 

kabriolet-o, cab 

ka-@o, batter, pap 

kadavr-o, cadaver 


juvel-o, jewel 


joke-o, jockey 
jongl-i, to juggle 
jur-i, to swear 
jurnal-o, newspaper 
jus, just, just now 


kadenc-o, cadence 

kadet-o, cadet 

kadr-o, frame 

kaduk-a, decrepit 

kaf-o, coffee 

kafr-o, kaffir 

ka@-o, cage 

kahel-o, paving tile 

kaj, and 

kaj-o, quay, wharf 

kajer-o, copy-book, a 
paper book, single 
number of series 

kajut-o, hut, cabin 

kaka-o, cocoa 

kakatu-o, cockatoo 

kakt-o, cactus 

kal-o, corn, callous 

kalci-o, calcium 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 35 


kaldron-o, cauldron 
kalejdoskop-o, kaleido- 
scope 
kalendar-o, calendar 
kalandr-i, to calendar 
between hot rollers; to 
mangle in laundry 
kalendul-o, marigold 
kale$-o, carriage 
kalfatr-i, to calk 
kalibr-o, caliber 
kalif-o, caliph 
kalik-o, cup, chalice 
kalikot-o, calico 
kalk-o, lime 
kalkan-o, heel 
kalkanum.-o, 
shoe, etc. 
kalkul-i, to calculate 
kalomel-o, calomel 
kalson-o, pair of draw- 
ers, pants 
kalumni-i, to slander 
kamarad-o, comrade 
kame-o, cameo 
kambi-o, draft, bill of 
exchange 
kamel-o, camel 
kamen-o, fire-place 
kamer-o, box-room 
kamizol-o, short night- 
dress 
kamlot-o, camlet 
kamomil-o, camomile 
kamp-o, field 
kan-o, rush, reed, cane 


heel of 


kanab-o, hemp 
kanaben-o, linnet 
Kanad-o, Canada 
kanajl-o, scoundrel 
kanal-o, canal 
kanap-o, sofa, couch 
kanari-o, canary 
kanastr-o, canister 
kancelier-o, chancellor 
kand-o, candy 
kandel-o, candle 
kandelabr-o, candela- 
brum 
kandidat-o, candidate 
kanibal-o, cannibal 
kankr-o, crawfish 
kanon-o, canon (church 
law) 
kanonik-o,. a church 
official, canon 
kant-i, to sing 
kantarid-o, cantharides 
kantat-o, cantata 
kantin-o, canteen 
kanton-o, canton 
kantor-o, chanter 
kanvas-o, canvas 
kap-o, head 
kapabl-a, capable 
kapel-o, chapel 
kaper-i, seize as a prize 
kapital-o, capital, in- 
vested money 
kapitan-o, captain 
kapitel-o,capital(arch.) 
kapitol-o, capitol 


36 Esperanto-English Vocabulary Ss vy | 


kapitulac-i, capitulate 
kapon-o, capon 
kapor-o, caper-bush 
kaporal-o, corporal 
kapot-o, cape 
kapr-o, goat 
kapreol-o, roebuck 
kapric-o, caprice, whim 
Kaprikorn-o, Capricorn 
kapstan-o, capstan 
kapsul-o, capsule 
kapt-i, to catch 
_kapué€en-o, capuchin 
monk 
kapué-o, capuche, cowl 
kar-a, dear 
karaben-o, carbine 
karaf-o, decanter 
karakter-o, disposition 
karakteriz-i, to charac- 
terize 
karamel-o, caramel 
karas-o, crucian (fish) 
karavan-o, caravan 
karb-o, charcoal; ter- 
karbo, S8tonkarbo, coal 
karbol-o, carbol 
karbonad-o, carbonate 
karbunkol-o, carbuncle 
karcer-o, prison 
kard-o, thistle 
kardel-o, goldfinch 
kardinal-o, cardinal 
kares-i, to caress 
karier-o, career 
karik-o, sedge, rush 


See 
, ene 
. > 4 ae 

n .4 = 


. 


karikatur-i, caricature 
kariofil-o, clove 
kariol-o, carry-all 
karmin-o, carmine 
karn-o, flesh 
karnival-o, carnival 
karo-o, diamonds (in 
cards) 
karob-o, carob-bean 
karot-o, carrot 
karp-o, carp 
Karpat-oj, Carpathians 
karpen-o, yoke-elm 
kart-o, card 
kartav-i, to speak thick 
kartel-o, cartel 
kartilag-o, cartilage 
kartoé-o, cartridge 
karton-o, paper board 
karusel-o, carousal 
kas-o, money-drawer 
kasaci-o, cassation 
kaserol-o, saucepan 
kask-o, helmet 
kaskad-o, cascade 
kast-o, caste 
kastel-o, castle 
kastor-o, beaver 
kastr-i, geld 
ka§-i, to hide 
kaStan-o, chestnut 
kat-o, cat 
katafalk-o, catafalque 
katakomb-o, catacomb 
katalepsi-o, catalepsy 
katalog-o, catalogue 


Lsperanto-English Vocabulary — 37 


kataplasm-o,cataplasm 
katar-o, catarrh 
katarakt-o, cataract (of 
the eye) 
katastrof-o,catastrophe 
kategori-o, category 
katehism-o, catechism 
katen-oj, fetters 
katolik-a, catholic 
katun-o, cotton cloth 
kaiici-o, bail, security 
katéuk-o, rubber 
katir-i, to cower, squat 
katiteriz-i, to cauterize 
katiz-i, to cause 
kav-o, hole, pit 
kavaleri-o, cavalry 
kavalir-o, cavalier 
kavalkad-o, cavalcade 
kavern-o, cavern, den 
kaviar-o, caviare 
kaz-o, case (grammar) 
kaze-o, curds 
kazein-o, caseine 
kazemat-o, casemate 
kazern-o, barracks 
kazin-o, casino 
ke, that (conjunction) 
kegl-o, skittle 
kel-o, cellar 
kelk-e, some, a few 
kelner-o, waiter 
ken-o, resinous wood 
kep-o, a peaked cap 
ker-o, hearts (cards) 
kerub-o, cherub 


kest-o, chest, box 

kestrel-o, kestrel 

kia, what, what kind of 

kial, why 

kiam, when 

kie, where 

kiel, how 

kies, whose 

kil-o, keel 

kilogram.-o, kilogram 

kilolitr-o, kiloliter 

kilometr-o, kilometer 

kimr-o, a Welshman 

kinematograf-o, cine- 
matograph 

kinin-o, quinine 

kio, what, what thing 

kiom, how much 

kiras-o, cuirass, armor 

kirl-i, to whirl rapidly 

kir8-o, cherry cordial 

kis-i, to kiss 

kitel-o, a workman’s 
blouse 

kiu, who, which 

klaft-o, fathom 

klak-i, to clack, clatter 

klap-o, valve, plug 

klar-a, clear, distinct 

klarnet-o, clarinet 

klas-o, class (category) 

klasifik-i, to classify 

klasik-a, classic 

klav-o, key (of piano, 
typewriter, etc. ) 

klemat-o, clematis 


38 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


kler-a, well-informed 
klerik-a, of the clergy 
klient-o, client 
klimat-o, climate 
klin-i, to incline 
kling-o, blade 
klinik-o, clinic 
klister-o, clyster 
kli8-i, to stereotype 
kloak-o, sewer, drain 
klopod-i, to strive for 
klor-o, chlorine 
kloroz-o, chlorosis 
klo$-a, bell-shaped 
klub-o, club (society) 
kluk-i, to cluck 
kluz-o, sluice 
knab-o, boy 

knar-i, to grate, creak 
kned-i, to knead 
knut-o, knout 
koaks-o, coke 
kobalt-o, cobalt 
koalici-o, coalition 
kobold-o, goblin, imp 
ko@inel-o, cochineal 
kod-o, code 
kodeks-o, codex 
kodicil-o, codicil 
kofr-o, travelling trunk 
koincid-i, to coincide 
kojn-o, wedge 

kok-o, cock, rooster 
kokard-o, cockade 
kokcinel-o, ladybird 
koket-a, coquettish 


koklu$-o, 
cough 
kokon-o, cocoon 
kokos-o, cocoanut 
koks-o, hip 
kol-o, neck 
kolbas-o, sausage 
koleg-o, colleague 
kolegi-o, college 
kolekt-i, to collect 
kolektiv-a, collective 
koler-o, anger 
kolerik-a, choleric 
kolibr-o, humming-bird 
kolik-o, colic 
kolimb-o, diver (bird) 
kolizi-o, collision 
kolodi-o, collodium 
kolomb-o, dove, pigeon 
kolon-o, pillar, column 
kolonel-o, colonel 
koloni-o, colony 
kolor-o, color 
koloratur-o, colorature 
kolos-o, colossus 
kolport-i, hawk, peddle 
kolubr-o, adder 
kolum.-o, collar 
kolz-o, rape (plant) 
kom-o, comma 
komand.-i, to command 
(army) 
komandor-o, comman- 
der (of an order) 
komb.-i, to comb 
kombin-i, to combine 


whooping- 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 39 


komedi-o, comedy 
komenc-i, to commence 
komentari-o, commen- 
_ tary 
komerc-i, to trade 
komet-o, comet 
komfort-o, comfort 
komik-a, comic 
komisari-o, comissary 
komisi-i, to commis- 
sion, to intrust with 
komitat-o, committee 
komiz-o, clerk, employe 
komod-o, commode 
kompakt-a, compact 
kompani-o, company 
(corporation, etc, ) 
kompar-i, to compare 
komparativ-a, compar- 
ative 
kompas-o, 
(marine) 
kompat-i, to pity 
kompendi-o, compend- 
ium 
kompens-i, compensate 
kompetent-a, compet- 
ent 
kompil-i, to compile 
komplement-o, com- 
plement (gram.) 
komplet-o, a suit of 
clothes 
komplez-i, to be kind, 
obliging 
komplik-i, to complicate 


a compass 


kompliment-i, to com- 
pliment 

komplot-o, plot 

kompon-o, a composi- 
tion (musical) 

kompost-i, to set type 

kompren-i, understand 

kompromis-o, compro- 
mise 

kompromit-i, to impli- 
cate, compromise 

komun-a, common 

komuni-i, to give sacra- 
ment 

komunik-i, 
cate 

komunism-o, commun- 
ism 

komut-i, to commute’ 


communi- 


_ kon-i, to know, be ac- 


quainted with 
koncentr-a, concentric 
koncern-i, to concern 
koncert-o, concert 
koncesi-o, concession 
konciz-a, concise 
kondamn.-i, to condemn 
kondié-o, a condition, 

stipulation 
kondolenc-i, to condole 
kondor-o, condor 
konduk-i, lead, conduct 
konduktor-o, conductor 
kondut-i, to behave 
konfeder-i, to confeder- 

ate 


40 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


konfekci-o, the clothing 
business 
konferenc-o,conference 
konfes-i, to confess 
konfid-i, to confide 
konfidenci-a, confiden- 
tial 
konfirm-i, to confirm 
konfirmaci-o, confirm- 
ation (church) 
konfisk-i, to confiscate 
konfit-i, to preserve 
konflikt-o, conflict 
konform-a, in conform- 
ity 
konfuz-i, to confound 


konglomerat-o, con- 
glomeration 

kongregaci-o, conmgre- 
gation 


kongres-o, congress 
konifer-o, conifer 
konjak-o, cognac 
konjekt-i, to conjecture 
konjugaci-i, conjugate 
konjunkci-o, conjunc- 
tion 
konk-o, shell 
konkav-a, concave 
konklud-i, to conclude 
konkret-a, concrete 
konkur-i, to compete 
konkurs-o, competition 
konsci-i, be conscious 
konscienc-o,conscience 
konsent-o, consent 


konserv-i, to conserve 
konservativ-a, conser- 
vative 
konservatori-o, conser- 
vatory 
konsider-i, to consider 
konsil-i, to advise 
konsist-i, to consist 
konsistori-o, consistory 
konsol-i, to console 
konsonant-o,consonant 
konspir-i, to conspire 
konstant-a, constant 
konstat-i, to declare 
konstelaci-o, constella- 
tion 
konstern-i, to dismay 
konstituci-o, constitu- 
tion 
konstru-i, to erect 
konsul-o, consul 
konsult-i, to consult 
konsum-i, to consume 
kont-o, trade account 
kontakt-o, contact 
kontant-o, ready money 
kontent-a, satisfied 
kontinent-o, continent 


kontingent-o, contin- 
gent 

kontraband-o, smug- 
gling 


kontrabas-o, base viol 
kontrakt-i, to contract 
kontrast-o, contrast 
kontrat, against 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 41 


kontrol-i, control 

kontur-o, outline 

kontuz-i, to bruise 

konus-o, cone 

konval-o, lily of the 
valley 

konveks-a, convex 

konven-i, to suit 

konvenci-o,convention, 
agreement 

konver®-i, converge 

konversaci-o, conver- 
sation 

konvert-i, to convert 

konvink-i, to convince 

konvulsi-o, convulsion 

kopek-o, kopeck 

kopi-i, to copy 

kor-o, heart 

koral-o, coral 

koran-o, Koran 

korb-o, basket 

kord-o, chord 

kordon-o, cordon 

korekt-i, to correct 

korelativ-a, correlative 

korespond-i, to corre- 
spond 

koridor-o, corridor 

kork-o, cork 

korn-o, horn 

korne-o, cornea 

kornet-o, cornet _ 

kornic-o, cornice 

kornik-o, crow 

korp-o, body 


korporaci-o, 
tion 
korpus-o, army corps 
korsaj-o, corsage 
korsar-o, corsair 
korset-o, corset 
kort-o, yard, court 
korv-o, raven 
kosmetik-o, cosmetic 
kosm-o, cosmos 
kosmopolit-a, 
politan 
kost-i, to cost 
kostum-o, costume 
kot-o, mud 
kotiz-i, to pay dues 
kotolet-o, chop, cutlet 
koton-o, cotton 
koturn-o, quail 
kov-i, to brood 
kovert-o, envelope 
kovr-i, to cover 
kozak-o, Cossack 
krab-o, crab, crawfish 
krabr-o, hornet 
kraé-i, to spit 
krad-o, grate 
krajon-o, pencil 
krak-i, to crack 
kramp-o, fulcrum 
kran-o, tap 
krani-o, cranium 
kratag-o, hawthorn 
krater-o, crater 
kravat-o, cravat 
kre-i, to create 


corpora- 


cosmo- 


a, ae 
* Re 


Al 
be > f 


42 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


kred-i, to believe 
kredit-o, credit 
kreditor-o, creditor 
krejcer-o, kreutzer 
krem-o, cream 
kreol-o, Creole 
krep-o, crape 
krepusk-o, twilight 
kres-o, cress 
kresk-i, to grow 
kresp-o, pancake 
krest-o, crest, comb (of 
birds or fowl) 
krestomati-o, chresto- 
mathy 
kret-o, chalk 
krey-i, to burst 
kri-i, to cry 
kribr-i, to sift 
krim-o, crime 
kriminal-a, criminal 
kring-o, a ring-shaped 
cracker or biscuit 
kripl-a, crippled 
kript-o, crypt 
Krist-o, Christ 
kristal-o, crystal 
kriteri-o, criterion 
kritik-i, to criticise 
kriz-o, crisis 
krizalid-o, chrysalis 
krizantem-o, chrysan- 
themum 
kroé-i, to hook 
krokodil-o, crocodile 
krom, except 


krom-o, chromo 
kron-o, crown 
kronik-o, chronicle 
kronologi-o,chronol 
krop-o, crop (of birds) 
kroz-i, to cruise 
kruc-o, cross 
krucum.i, to crucify 
krué-o, jug, pitcher 
krud-a, crude, raw 
kruel-a, cruel 
krup-o, croup 
krur-o, leg 
krust-o, crust 
krut-a, steep 
kub-o, cube 
kubut-o, elbow 
kudr-i, to sew 
kuf-o, woman’s cap 
kugl-o, bullet 
kuir-i, to cook 
kuk-o, cake 
kukol-o, cuckoo 
kukum-o, cucumber 
kukurb-o, pumpkin 
kul-o, gnat 
kuler-o. spoon 
kulp-a, guilty 
kult-o, cult 
kultur-o, culture 
kun, with 
kunikl-o, rabbit 
kup-o, cupping-glass 
kupe-o, compartment 
_in railway car 
kupol-o, dome, cupola 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 43 


kupon-o, coupon 
kur-i, to run 

kurac-i, to treat, cure 
kurag-a, courageous 
kurator-o, curator 
kurb-o, curve 

kuri-o, papal council 
kurier-o, courier 
kurioz-a, uncommon 
kurs-o, course 
kursiv-a, cursive 
kurtag-o, brokerage 
kurten-o, curtain 
kusen-o, cushion 
ku8-i, to be lying down 
kutim-o, habit, custom 
kutr-o, cutter (boat) 
kuv-o, tub 

kuz-o, cousin 
kvadrant-o, quadrant 
kvadrat-o, square 
kvadril-o, quadrille 
kvaker-o, Quaker 


1’, la, the 
labor-i, to work 
lac-a, tired 
lacert-o, lizard 
laé-o, lacing-string 
lad-o, tin 
laf-o, lava 
lag-o, lake 
lagun-o, lagoon 
laik-o, layman 
lak-o, varnish 


kvalifik-i, to qualify 

kvalit-o, quality 

kvankam, although 

kvant-o, quantity 

kvar, four 

kvaranten-o, 
tine 

kvarc-o, quartz 

kvart-o, fourth (music) 

kvartal-o, quarter or 
section of a town 

kvartet-o, quartet 

kvazau, as if 

kver-i, to coo 

kverk-o, oak 

kvestor-o, questor 

kviet-a, calm 

kvin, five 

kvintesenc-o, quintes- 
sence 

kvit-a, quit 

kvitanc-i, to receipt for 

kvocient-o, quotient 


quaran- 


lake-o, lackey 
lakon-a, laconic 
laks-o, diarrhoea 
lakt-o, milk 

lam-a, lame 

lam-o, llama 
lamp-o, lamp 
lampir-o, glow-worm 
lan-o, wool 

lanc-o, lance, spear 
land-o, land, country 


44 


lang-o, tongue 
lani-o, shrike 
lantern-o, lantern 
lanug-o, down 
lap-o, bur 

lapis-o, lapis 

‘lar-o, sea-gull 
lard-o, lard 

lar@-a, wide 
larik-o, larch 
laring-o, larynx 
larm-o, tear (of eye) 
las-i, to leave 
last-a, last 

lat-o, lath 

latin-a, Latin 
latrin-o, cesspool, closet 
latuk-o, lettuce 

lai, according to 
latib-o, arbor 

laid-i, to praise 
laintenis-o, lawn tennis 
latr-o, laurel 
latreat-o, laureate 
lait-e, loudly 

lav-i, to wash 
lavang-o, avalanche 
lavend-o, lavender 
lazur-a, azure 
lecion-o, lesson 
led-o, leather 

leg-i, to read 
legat-o, legate 
legend-o, legend 
legi-o, legion 
legitim-i, to legitimize 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


legom-o, vegetable 

legumin-o, legume 

le@-o, law 

lek-i, to lick 

lekant-o, marguerite 

lekci-o, lecture 

leksikon-o, lexicon 

lektor-o, lecturer 

lent-o, lentil 

lentug-o, freckle 

leon-o, lion 

leontod-o, dandelion 

leopard-o, leopard 

lepor-o, hare 

lepr-o, leprosy 

lern-i, to learn 

lert-a, clever 

lesiv-o, wholesale wash- 
ing of clothes 

letargi-o, lethargy 

leter-o, letter 

leitenant-o, lieutenant 

letik-o, league(measure) 

lev-i, to lift 

li, he 

lian-o, bindweed 

libel-o, dragon-fly 

liber-a, free ; 

liberal-a, liberal (fo/.) 

liberalism.-o, liberalism 

libr-o, book 

lice-o, lyceum, French 
college 

lien-o, spleen 

lig-i, to tie, to bind 

lign-o, wood 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 45 


liken-o, lichen 
likvid-i, to liquidate 
likvor-o, liquor 

lili-o, lily 

lim-o, limit 

limak-o, snail 

limf-o, lymph 
limonad-o, lemonade 
lin-o, flax 

linari-o, red linnet 
liné-i, to lynch 
lingv-o, language 
lingvistik-o, linguistics 
lini-o, line 

link-o, lynx 

lip-o, lip 

lir-o, lyre 

lirik-o, lyric 

list-o, list 

lit-o, bed 

litani-o, litany 

liter-o, letter (alphabet) 
literatur-o, literature 
litograf-i, to lithograph 
litov-a, Lithuanian 
litr-o, litre 

liturgi-o, liturgy 
liut-o, lute 

liver-i, to deliver 
livr-o, pound (sterling) 
livre-o, livery 

lod-o, half-ounce 


log-i, to allure 
logik-o, logic 
log-i, to dwell 
logi-o, theater box 
lojal-a, loyal 
lojt-o, lote 
lok-o, place 
lokomotiv-o, 
tive 
lol-o, tares 
long-a, long 
lonicer-o, honeysuckle 
lorn-o, field-glass 
lot-i, to draw lots 
loteri-o, lottery 
lu-i, to hire 
lud-i, to play 
luks-o, luxury 
lul-i, to lull to sleep 
lum-i, to shine 
lumb-o, loins 
lumbrik-o, earthworm 
lun-o, moon 
lunatik-o, lunatic 
lund-o, Monday 
lup-o, wolf 
lupop-o, hop (plant) 
lustr-o, luster 
lut-i, to solder 
luteran-o, Lutheran 
lutr-o, otter 


locomo- 


maé-o, unleavened maé-i, to chew 


bread 


madon-o, madonna 


46 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


magi-o, magic 
magistrat-o, magistrate 
magnat-o, magnate 
magnet-o, magnet 
magnetiz-i, magnetize 
magnoli-o, magnolia 
mahagon-o, mahogany 
Mahomet-o, Mahomet 
maizo, maize, corn 
Maj-o, May 
majest-a, majestic 
majolik-a, majolica 
major-o, army major 
majstr-o, master of an 
art, trade, etc. 
makadam-o, macadam 
makaron-o, macaroon 
makaroni-o, macaroni 
makler-i, to do broker- 
age business 
makrop-o, kangaroo 
maksim-o, maxim 
maksimum-o, makxi- 
mum 
makul-o, spot, stain 
makzel-o, jaw 
mal’, denotes contrary: 
bona, good; malbona, 
bad. 
malaj-o, Malay 
malari-o, malaria 
maleol-o, ankle 
malgrat, notwithstand- 
ing 
malic-a, malicious 
malt-o, malt 


malvarmum.i, to take 
cold 
mamo, breast, udder 
mamut-o, mammoth 
man-o, hand 
mana-o, manna 
mandaren-o, mandarin 
mandat-o, money-order 
mandolin-o, mandolin 
mandragor-o, man- 
drake 
mane@-o, riding-school 
man@-i, to eat 
mani-o, mania 
manier-o, manner 
manifest-o, manifesto 
manik-o, sleeve 
manipul-i, manipulate 
mank-i, to be lacking 
manovr-0, maneuver 


mantel-o, a mantle, 
cloak 

mantil-o, mantilla 
manufaktur-o, manu- 
facture 

manum.-o, cuff 
manuskript-o, manu- 
script 


mar-o, sea, ocean 
mar€ipan-o, marchpane 
maré-o, marsh 
maréand-i, to bargain 
mard-o, Tuesday 
margarin-o, oleomar- 
garine 
margen-o, margin 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 47 


marin-i, to pickle 
marionet-o, marionette 
mark-o, mark 
markez-o, marquee 
markiz-o, marquis 
markot-o, runner of a 
plant 
marli-o, catgut 
marmelad-o, 
lade 
marmor-o, marble 
marmot-o, marmot 
maroken-o, morocoo 
Mars-o, Mars 
mar§-i, to march 
mar$Sal-o, marshal 
Mart-o, March 
martel-o, hammer 
martingal-o, martingale 
martir-o, martyr 
mas-0O, mass, agglom- 
eration 
masaf-o, massage 
masiv-a, massive 
mask-o, mask 
mason-i, to do mason 
work 
mast-o, mast 
mastik-o, mastic 
mastodon-o, mastodon 
mastr-o, master of a 
house; host 
maS-o, mesh 
maSin-o, machine 
mat-o, mat 
matador-o, matador 


marme- 


matematik-o, mathe- 
matics 
maten-o, morning 
materi-o, matter 
material-o, material 
materialism-o, materi- 
alism 
matrac-o, mattress 
matric-o, matrix, die 
matrikul-i, matriculate 
matronin-o, matron 
matur-a, ripe 
matr-o, a Moor 
matizole-o, mausoleum 
mazurk-o, mazurka 
mebl-o, a piece of fur- 
niture 
meé-o, wick 
medal-o, medal 
medalion-o, medallion 
medi-o, the medium, 
average, commonplace 
medicin-o, medicine 
medit-i, to meditate 
medium-o, medium 
meduz.-o, jellyfish 
mehanik-o, mechanics 
mehanism-o, mechan- 
ism 
mejl-o, mile 
Meksik-o, Mexico 
mel-o, badger 
melankoli-o, melan- 
choly 
melas-o, molasses 
meleagr-o, turkey 


48 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


melis-o, garden mint 
melk-i, to milk 
melodi-o, melody 
melodram-o, melo- 
drama 
melon-o, melon 
mem, self or selves 
membr-o, member 
membran-o, membrane 
memor-i, to remember 
mend-i, order (goods) 
mens-o, spirit, mind, 
distinct from matter 
mensog-i, to tell a lie 
menstruaci-o, men- 
struation 
ment-o, mint 
menton-o, chin 
mentor-o, mentor 
menu-o, menu 
menuet-o, minuet 
meridian-o, meridian 
merinos-o, merino 
merit-i, merit, deserve 
meriz-o, wild cherry 
merkred-o, Wednesday 
merl-o, blackbird 
mes-o, mass (church) 
Mesi-o, Messiah 
mestiz-o, a_half-breed 
(Spanish) 
met-i, to put 
metafizik-o, metaphys- 
ics 
metafor-o, metaphor 
metal-o, metal 


metalurgi-o,metallurgy 
metamorfoz-o, meta- 
morphosis 


meteor-o, meteor 
meti-o, a trade, handi- 
craft 
metod-o, method 
metr-o, meter 
metrik-a, metric 
metropol-o, metropolis 
mev-o, sea-gull 
mez-o, midst, middle 


mezalianc-o, mesalli- 
ance 

mezur-i, to measure 

mi, I 


miasm-o, miasma 
miat-i, to mew 
miel-o, honey 
mien-o, mien, air 
migdal-o, almond 
migr-i, to migrate 
mikrob-o, microbe 
mikroskop-o, micro- 
scope 
miks-i, to mix 
mil, thousand 
mild-a, gentle, mild 
mili-o, millet 
miliard-o, milliard 
milici-o, militia 
milimetr-o, millimeter 
milion-o, million 
milit-i, to fight 
mimik-o, mimicry 
min-o, mine 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 49 


minaret-o, minaret 
mineral-o, mineral 
mineralogi-o, mineral- 
ogy 
minac-i, to threaten 
mini-o, red lead 
miniatur-o, miniature 
minimum.-o, minimum 
ministr-o, minister 
minus-o, minus 
minut-o, minute 
miogal-o, musk-rat 
miop-a, nearsighted 
miozot-o, myosotis 
mir-i, to wonder 
mirakl-o, miracle 
mirh-o, myrrh 
miriad-o, myriad 
miriametr-o, miriame- 
ter 
mirmekofag-o, 
eater 
mirmeleon-o, lion-ant 
mirt-o, myrtle 
mirtel-o, bilberry 
misal-o, missal 
misi-o, mission 
mister-o, mystery 
mistifik-i, to mystify 
mistik-o, a mystic 
mit-o, myth 
mitologi-o, mythology 
mitul-o, mussel 
mizer-o, misery 
mobiliz-i, to mobilize 
mod-o, fashion, mode 


ant- 


model-o, model 
moder-a, moderate 
modern-a, modern 
modest-a, modest 
modif-i, to modify 
modul-i, modulate 
modulaci-o, modulation 
mok-i, to mock 
mol-a, soft 
molekul-o, molecule 
molusk-o, mollusk 
moment-o, moment 
mon-o, money 
monah-o, monk 
monarh-o, monarch 
monat-o, month 
mond-o, world 
moned-o, jackdaw 
monitor-o, monitor 
monogram-o, mono- 
gram 
monokl-o, monocle 
monolog-o, monologue 
monomani-o, mono- 
mania 
monopol-o, monopoly 
monstr-o, monster 
monoteism-o, mono- 
theism 
mont-o, mountain 
montr-i, to show 
monument-o, 
ment 
mops-o, pug dog 
mor-oj, morals 
moral-a, moral 


monu- 


50 Esperanto-English Vocabulary i 


morbil-o, measles 
mor€el-o, mushroom 
mord-i, to bite 
morfin-o, morphine 
morgat,, tomorrow 
mort-i, to die 
morter-o, mortar 
moru-o, species of cod- 
fish 
morus-o, mulberry 
mosk-o, musk 
moske-o, mosque 
moskit-o, mosquito 
most-o, | unfermented 
wine 
mo&t-o, title of respect 
mot-o, motto 
motiv-o, motive 
motor-o, motor 
mov-i, to move 
mozaik-o, mosaic 
mucid-a, damp, mouldy 
muel-i, to grind 


n, ending of the accusa- 
tive or objective case; 
also shows direction 
or motion toward 

naci-o, nation 

nadir-o, nadir 

naft-o, naphtha 

nag-i, to swim 


muf-o, muff 

mu®@-i, to roar 
muk-o, mucus 
mul-o, mule 
mult-o, much 
multiplik-i, multiply 
mulmuslin-o, mull 
mumi-o, mummy 
mur-o, wall 
murmur-i, to murmur 
mus-O, mouse 
musk-o, moss 
muskat-o, nutmeg 
musked-o, musket 
muskol-o, muscle 
muslin-o, muslin 
mustard-o, mustard 
mustel-o, martin, sable 
mu§$-o, common fly 
mut-a, mute 

muz-o, muse 
muze-o, museum 
muzik-o, music 


naiv-a, artless 
najbar-o, neighbor 
najl-o, nail 
najtingal-o, nightingale 
nanken-o, nankeen 
nap-o, turnip 
narcis-o, narcissus 
narkot-a, narcotic 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 51 


nask-i, to give birth to 

natr-o, soda 

natur-o, nature 

nau, nine 

nauiz-i, to nauseate 

nav-o, nave 

naz-oO, nose 

ne, no 

nebul-o, fog 

neces-a, necessary 

neZ-o, snow 

neglig-o, negligee 

negoc-o, business af- 
fair, transaction 

negr-o, negro 

nek, neither 

nekrologi-o, necrology 

nektar-o, nectar 

neni-o, nothing 

nenia, none, no such 

nenial, for no cause 

neniam, never 

nenie, nowhere 

neniel, in no way 

nenies, nobody’s 

nenio, nothing 

neniom, none 

neniu, nobody 

neologism-o,neologism 

nep-o, grandson 

nepotism-o, nepotism 

nepre, unfailingly 

nest-o, nest, den 

net-o, clean copy 

netralgi-o, neuralgia 

neitr-a, neuter 


neutrala, neutral 

nev-o, nephew 

ni, we 

nié-o, niche 

nigr-a, black 

nihilism-o, nihilism 

nikel-o, nickel 

nikotin-o, nicotine 

nimb-o, nimbus, halo 

nimf-o, nymph 

nivel-o, level 

niz-0, sparrow-hawk 

nj’ endearing diminutive 
of feminine names : 
patrino, mother; pan- 
jO, mamma. 

nobel-o, nobleman 

nobl-a, noble 

nokt-o, night 

nom.-o, name 

nomad-o, nomad 

nombr-o, number 

nominal-a, nominal 

nominativ-o, nomina- 
tive 

nord-o, north 

normal-a, regular 

norveg-o, a Norwegian 

nostalgi-o, homesick- 
ness 

not-i, to note, to make 
memoranda 

notari-o, notary 

nov-a, new 

novel-o, novel 

Novembr-o, November 


52 Esperanto-E nglish Vocabulary 


novic-o, novice 

nu, well 

nuanc-o, hue, tint 
nub-o, cloud 

nud-a, nude 

nuk-o, nape of the neck 
nuks-o, nut 

nul-o, zero 


o, ending of the noun or 
substantive 

0az-O, oasis 

obe-i, to obey 

obelisk-o, obelisk 

objekt-o, object 

obl’, multiple of num- 
erals: du, ‘wo; du- 
obla, double 

oblat-o, wafer 

obligaci-o, bond 

oblikv-a, oblique 

obol-o, a small Greek 
coin, obolus 

observ-i, to observe 

observatori-o, observ- 
atory 

obstina, obstinate 

obstrukci-o, obstruction 

ocean-o, ocean 

od-o, ode 

odor-i, to give odor 

ofend-i, to offend 





numer-o, number, No. 

numid-o, guinea-fowl — 

numismatik-o, numis- 
matics 

nun, now 

nunci-o, nuncio 

nur, only 

nutr-i, to nourish, feed 


ofer-i, to sacrifice 


ofic-o, employment 
oficial-a, official 
oficir-o, officer 
oft-e, often 

ok, eight 

okaz-i, to occur 
okcident-o, west 
okr-o, ochre 
oksid-o, oxide 
oksigen-o, oxygen 
oksikok-o, cranberry 
oktav-o, octave 
Oktobr-o, October 
okul-o, eye 
okult-a, occult 
okup-i, to occupy 
okzal-o, sorrel 

ol, than 

ole-o, oil 
oleandr-o, oleander 
oligarhi-o, oligarchy 
oliv-o, olive 


E Esperanto-English Vocabulary 53 


omar-o, lobster 
ombr-o, shade 
ombrel-o, umbrella 
omnibus-o, omnibus 
‘on’, mark of fractions: 
tri, ¢hree; triono, one- 
third 
ond-o, wave 
oni, “‘one,’’ ‘‘ 
oniks-o, onyx 
onkl-o, uncle 
ont’, future active par- 
ticiple: amonte, aout 
to love 
ontologi-o, ontology 
op’, suffix or collective 
numerals: kvar, four; 
kvarope, dy fours 
opal-o, opal 
oper-o, opera 
operaci-o, operation 
opi-o, opium 
opini-i, to opine 
oportun-a, convenient 
opozici-o, opposition 
optik-o, optics 
optimism-o, optimism 
optimist-o, optimist 
or-o, gold 
orakol-o, oracle 
orangutang-o, 

- outang 
orang-o, orange 
oranferi-o, hot-house 
orator-o, orator 
oratori-o, oratory 


they”’ 


orang- 


ord-o, order 

orden-o, the order of 
knighthood 

ordinar-a, ordinary 

ordon-i, to order, com- 
mand 

orel-o, ear 

orf-o, orphan 

organ-o, organ 


_organism-o, organism 


organiz-i, to organize 
organik-a, organic 
orgen-o, organ (mus.) 
orgi-o, orgy 
orient-o, east 
origin-o, origin 
original-o, original 
oriol-o, oriole 
orkestr-o, orchestra 
orkide-o, orchid 
ornam.-i, to adorn 
ornat-o, clerical robes 
ornitologi-o, ornithol- 
ogy 
ort-a, rectangular 
ortodoks-a, orthodox 
ortografi-o, orthogra- 
phy 
ortopedi-o, orthopedics 
os, sign of future tense: 
amos, w7// love 
osced-i, to yawn, gape 
osifrag-o, osprey 
ost-o, bone 
ostr-o, oyster 
ostracism-o, ostracism 


54 Esperanto-English Vocabulary "3 


ot’, passive participle, ovaci-o, ovation 
future: amote, atout oval-a, oval 


to be loved 0zOn-O, ozone 

Ov-0, egg 
P 

pac-o, peace panoram.-o, panorama | 
pacienc-o, patience pantalon-o, trousers 
padel-i, to paddle panteism-o, pantheism 
paf-i, to shoot panteist-o, pantheist 
pag-i, to pay panter-o, panther 
pagod-o, pagoda pantofl-o, slipper 
pa®-o, page pantomim.-o, panto- 
pai-o, page (boy) mime 
pajl-o, straw, thatch pap-o, pope 
pak-i, to pack papag-o, parrot 
pal-a, pale papav-o, poppy 
palac-o, palace paper-o, paper 
paladi-o, palladium papili-o, butterfly 
palankin-o, palanquin papirus-o, papyrus 
palat-o, palate par-o, pair 
paletr-o, palette parad-i, to parade 
palis-o, stake paradiz-o, paradise 
palisandr-o, rosewood paradoks-o, paradox 
palm-o, palm tree paraf-o,flourish, paraph 
palp-i, to feel parafin-o, paraffine 
palpebr-o, eyelash parafraz-o, paraphrase 
palt-o, greatcoat paragraf-o, paragraph 
Palestin-o, Palestine paralel-o, parallel 
pamflet-o, pamphlet paralelogram.-o, paral- 
pan-o, bread lelogram 
panegir-o, panegyric paraliz-i, to paralyze 
panel-o, panel parapet-o, parapet 


panik-o, panic parazit-o, parasite 


Esperanio-English Vocabulary 55 


parcel-o, lot of land 
parcimoni-o,parsimony 
pardon-i, to forgive 
parenc.-o, relative 
parantez-o, parenthesis 
parfum-o, perfume 
parget-o, flooring 
park-o, park 
parker-e, ‘“by heart’’ 
parlament-o,  parlia- 
ment 
parodi-o, parody 
paroh-o, parish 
paroksism-o, paroxysm 
parol-i, to speak 
part-o, part 
parter-o, theater pit 
parti-o, party 
particip-o, participle 
paru-o, titmouse 
pas-i, to pass 
pasament-o, lace 
paser-o, sparrow 
pasi-o, passion 
pasiv-a, passive 
Pask-o, Easter 
paskvil-o, lampoon 
pasport-o, passport 
past-o, paste 
pasteé-o, pie, tart 
pastel-o, lozenge, pas- 
tille 
pastinak-o, parsnip 
pastoral-o, pastoral 
play or poem 
pastr-o, priest, pastor 


pa8-i, to step 

pa&t-i, to pasture 
paSstel-o, pastel crayon 
pat-o, frying pan 
patent-o, patent 
patologi-o, pathology 
patos-o, pathos 
patr-o, father 
patriark-o, patriarch 
patrici-o, patrician 
patriot-o, patriot 
patrol-o, patrol 
patron-o, patron 
pauiz-i, pause 

pav-o, peacock 
pavian-o, baboon 
pavilon-o, pavilion 
pavim-o, pavement 
pean-o, pean 

pec-o, piece 

peé-o, pitch 

pedal-o, pedal 
pedant-o, pedant 
pedel-o, beadle 
pedik-o, louse 
peg-o, woodpecker 
pejzag-o, landscape 
pek-i, to sin 
Pekin-o, Pekin 


’ pekl-i, to pickle 


pel-i, to chase away 
pelikan-o, pelican 
pelt-o, pelisse, pelt 
pelv-o, basin 

pen-i, to try, endeavor 
penc-o, penny 


56 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 3 


pend-i, to hang 
pendol-o, pendulum 
penetr-i, to penetrate 
penik-o, artist’s brush 
pens-i, to think 
pensi-o, pension 
pent-i, to repent 
pentr-i, to paint 
peoni-o, peony 
pep-i, to chirp, twitter 
pepsin-o, pepsin 
per, by, by means of 
percept-i, to perceive 
perd-i, to lose 
perdrik-o, partridge 
pere-i, to perish 
perfekt-a, perfect 
perfid-i, to betray 
pergamen-o, parchment 
periferi-o, periphery 
perimetr-o, perimeter 
period-o, period 
peristil-o, peristyle 
perk-o, perch (fish) 
perl-o, pearl 
perlamot-o, mother-of- 
pearl 
permes-i, to permit 
peron-o, steps (before 
a house) 


perpendikular-a, per- 
pendicular 

persekut-i, prosecute, 
persecute 


persik-o, peach 
persist-i, to persist 


person-o, person 

perspektiv-o, perspect- 
ive 

Peru-o, Peru 

pes-i, to weigh (¢rans.) 

pesimism-o, pessimism 

pesimist-o, pessimist 

peset-o, peseta 

pest-o, pest, plague 

pet-i, to ask, request 

petol-i, to be petulant, 
mischievous 

petrol-o, petroleum 

petrosel-o, parsley 

pez-i, to weigh, to have 
weight 

pfenig-o, pfennig 

pi-a, pious 

pice-o, fir-tree 

pied-o, foot 

piedestal-o, pedestal 

pig-o, magpie 

pigme-o, pigmy 

pigment-o, pigment 

pik-i, to prick 

piked-o, picket 

pilgrim-i, to make a 
pilgrimage 

pilk-o, ball (playing) 

pilol-o, pill 

pilot-o, pilot 

pin-o, pine 

piné-i, to pinch 

pingl-o, pin 

pini-o, species of fir 

pint-o, pinnacle 


LE speranto-English Vocabulary 57 


pioé-o, pickaxe 
pionir-o, pioneer 
pip-o, pipe 
pipr-o, pepper 
pips-o, pip (disease) 
pir-o, pear 
piramid-o, pyramid 
pirat-o, pirate 
Pirine-oj, Pyrinees 
pirit-o, pyrites 
pirol-o, bullfinch 
piroteknik-o, pyrotech- 
nics 
pist-i, to pound 
pistak-o, pistachio 
pistil-o, pistil 
pistol-o, pistol 
piSt-o, piston 
piton-o, python 
piz-o, pea 
plac-o, plaza 
plaé-i, to please 
plad-o, dish 
plafon-o, ceiling 
plagiat-o, plagiarism 
plan-o, plan 
pland-o, sole of foot 
planed-o, planet 
plank-o, floor 
plant-i, to plant 
plantag-o, plantain 
plastik-o, plastic art 
plastr-o, plaster 
plat-a, flat 
plate-o, spoonbill 
platen-o, platinum 


platid-i, to splash 
plebej-o, a plebeian 
pled-i, to plead (law) 
plej, most 

plekt-i, to weave 
plen-a, full 

plend-i, to complain 
pleonasm-o, pleonasm 
plet-o, tray 

plezur-o, pleasure 

pli, more 

plor-i, to shed tears 
plot-o, roach (fish) 
plu, further — 

plug-i, to plow 
plum-o, feather, pen 
plumb-o, lead 

plus-o, plush 
plutokrati-o, plutocracy 
pluv-o, rain 

pluvi-o, plover 

po, at the rate of 
podagr-o, gout 
poem-o, poem 
poent-o, point(in game) 
poet-o, poet 

poezi-o, poetry 
pokal-o, cup, goblet 
pol-o, a Pole 
polemik-o, polemics 
polic-o, police 
poligami-o, polygamy 
poligon-o, buckwheat 
polip-o, polypus 
polis-o, insurance policy 
politeism-o, polytheism 


58 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


politik-o, politics 
polk-o, polka 
poluci-o, pollution 
polur-o, polish 
polus-o, pole (of mag- 
net, etc.) 
polv-o, dust 
pom.-o, apple 
pomad-o, pomatum 
pomp-o, pomp 
ponard-o, poniard 
pont-o, bridge 
ponton-o, pontoon ~ 
popl-o, poplar 
popol-o, people 
popular-a, popular 
por, for, inorder to, for 
the purpose of 
porcelan-o, porcelain 
porci-o, portion 
pord-o, door 
porfir-o, porphyry 
pork-o, hog 
port-i, to carry 
portal-o, portal 
porter-o, porter (drink) 
portope-o, swordbelt 
portik-o, portico 
portret-o, portrait 
portugal-a, Portuguese 
posed-i, to possess 
posesiv-a, possessive 
post, after 
posten-o, military post 
postul-i, to require 
postulat-o, postulate 





pos-o, pocket 
poSt-o, post, mail 
pot-o, pot 
potas-o, potash 
potenc-a, powerful 
potencial-a, potential 
pov-i, to be able © 
poz-i, to pose 
pozitiv-a, positive 
pra’, great-, primordial; 
prapatroj, forefathers 
praktik-o, practice 
pram-o, ferry-boat 
prav-a, right 
precipe, chiefly 
preciz-a, precise 
predik-i, to preach 
prefer-i, to prefer 
prefiks-o, prefix 
pre®@-i, to pray 
prelat-o, prelate 
prelud-o, prelude 
prem-i, to press 
premi-o, premium 
premis-o, premise 
pren-i, to take 
prepari, to prepare 
prepozici-o, preposition 
prerogativ-o, preroga- 
tive 
pres-i, to print 
presbiter-o, presbyter 
preskat, nearly 
pret-a, ready 
pretekst-o, pretext 
pretend-i, to pretend 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 59 


preter, beyond 
prez-o, price 
prezent-i, to present 
prezid-i, to preside 
pri, about, concerning 
prim-o, first (music) 

~ primol-o, primrose 
primitiv-a, primitive 
princ-o, prince 
princip-o, principle 
printempo, springtime 
prism-o, prism 
privat-a, private 
privilegi-o, privilege 
pro, on account of 
problem-o, problem 
proced-i, to proceed 
procent-o, interest 
preces-o, legal process 
procesi-o, procession 
produkt-i, to produce 
profan-i, to profane 
profesi-o, profession 
profesor-o, professor 
profet-o, prophet 
profil-o, profile 
profit-o, profit 
profund-a, deep 
program-o, program 
progres-i, to progress 
projekt-o, project 
proklam-i, to proclaim 
prokrast-i, to delay 
proksim-a, near 
prokur-o, procurator 
proletari-o, proletarian 


prolog-o, prologue 
promen-i, to walk 
promes-i, to promise 
promoci-o, promotion 
promontor-o, cape 
pronom-o, pronoun 
propagand-o, _propa- 
ganda- 
propon-i, propose 
proporci-o, proportion 
propr-a, one’s own 
proskripci-o, proscrip- 
tion 
prospekt-o, prospect 
prosper-i, to prosper 
prostitu-i, to prostitute 
protagonist-o, protag- 
onist 
protekt-i, to protect 
protest-i, to protest 
protestant-o, protest- 
ant 
protokol-o, protocol 
prototip-o, prototype 
prov-i, to try 
proverb-o, proverb 
provinc-o, province 
provincialism-o, pro- 
vincialism 
proviz-i, to provide 
provizor-a, provisional 
proz-o, prose 
prozelit-o, proselyte 
prozodi-o, prosody 
prud-a, prudish 
prudent-a, prudent 


60 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


prujn o, white frost 
prun-o, plum 
prunel-o, sloe 
prunt-o, a loan 
prus-o, a Prussian 
pruv-i, to prove 
psalm-o, psalm 


pseitida, pseudo, false 


psetidonim-o, pseudo- 
nym 

psik-a, psychic 

psikologi-o, psychology 

publik-o, public 

pudel-o, spaniel 

pudr-o, toilet powder 

puf-o, puff, tuft 

pugn-o, fist 

pul-o, flea 

pulm.-o, lung 

puls-o, pulse 

pulv-o, gunpowder 


rab-i, to seize and carry 
away, to rob 

rabarb-o, rhubarb 

rabat-i, to rebate 

raben-o, rabbi 

rabi-o, madness, rabies 

rabot-i, to plane 

raci-a, rational 

rad-o, wheel 

radi-o, ray 





pulvor-o, dust, powder _ 
pumik-o, pumice “4 
pump-i, to pump 

pun-i, to punish 

punc-o, crimson-red 
puné-o, punch 

punkt-o, point, dot 
punt-o, lace 

pup-o, doll 

pupil-o, pupil of eye 

pur-a, clean, pure 
pupitr-o, desk 
Purgatori-o, Purgatory 
puritan-o, puritan 
purpur-o, purple 

pus-o, pus 

pu§8-i, to push 

put-o, a well 

putor-o, polecat 

putr-i, to rot 


radik-o, root 
radikal-a, radical 
rafan-o, horse-radish 
rafin-i, to refine 
rajd-i, to ride 

rajt-o, right 
raket-o, rocket, fusee 
rakont-i, to relate 
ramp-i, to crawl 
ran-o, frog 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 61 


ranc-a, rancid 
rand-o, edge 
rang-o, rank 
ranunkol-o, ranunculus 
rapid-a, rapid 
rapir-o, foil, rapier 
raport-i, to report 
rapsodi-o, rhapsody 
ras-O, race 
rasp-i, to rasp 
rat-o, rat 
rauk-a, hoarse, raucus 
raup-o, caterpillar 
rav-i, to enrapture 
raz-i, to shave 
re, again 
reakci-o, reaction 
real-a, real 
real-o, real (coin) 
realist-o, realist 
rebus-o, rebus 
recenz-i, to review 
recept-o, doctor’s pre- 
scription 
reciprok-a, reciprocal 
redakci-o, editorship 
redakt-i, to edit 
redaktor-o, editor 
redukt-i, to reduce 
redut-o, redoubt 
ref-o, reef (of sail) 
referenc-o, reference 
reformaci-o, reforma- 
tion 
refut-i, to refute 
regatt-o, regatta 


reg-i, to govern 
regal-i, to regale 
regeneraci-o, regenera- 
tion 
regi-o, state monopoly 
regiment-o, regiment 
region-o, region 
registr-i, to register 
reglement-o.regulation 
regn-o, state 
regol-o, wren 
regres-o, regress 
regul-o, a rule 
reg-o, king 
reZisor-o, 
ager 
rejs-o, reis (coin) 
reklam-o, advertising 
rekomend-i, to com- 
mend 
rekompenc-i, to reward 


stage-man- 


‘rekord-o, record 


rekrut-o, recruit 
rekt-a, straight 
rektor-o, rector 
rekviem-o, requiem 
rekvizici-o, requisition 
rekvizit-o, requisite 
rel-o, rail 
relief-o, relief, embos- 
sed work 
religi-o, religion 
rem-i, to row 
rembur-i, to stuff 
remiz-o, garage, coach 
house 


62 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


rempar-o, bulwark 
ren-o, kidney 
rendevu-o, rendezvous 
renegat-o, renegade 
renesanc-o,renaissance 
renkont-i, to meet 
rent-o, income 
renvers-i, to upset 
repertuar-o, repertoire 
reprezent-i, represent 
reputaci-o, reputation 
reskript-o, rescript 
respekt-i, to respect 
respektiv-e, _respect- 
ively 
respond-i, to respond 
respublik-o, republic 
rest-i, to remain 
restoraci-o, restaurant 
ret-o, net, netting 
retin-o, retina 
retorik-o, rhetoric 
retort-o, retort (chem. ) 
retroaktiv-a,retroactive 
retrospektiv-a, _ retro- 
spective 
reimatism-o, rheuma- 
tism 
rev-i, to dream 
reveng-o, revenge 
reviz-i, to revise 
revoluci-o, revolution 
revolver-o, revolver 
revu-o, review, journal 
rezerv-i, to reserve 
rezign-i, to resign 


rezignaci-o, resignation 
(to one’s lot, etc.) 
rezin-o, resin 
rezoluci-o, resolution 
rezon-i, to reason 
rezult-i, to result 
rib-o, currant 
ribel-i, to rebel 
ricev-i, to receive 
rié-a, rich 
rid-i, to laugh 
rif-o, reef 
rifug-i, to take refuge 
rifuz-i, to refuse 
rigard-i, to look at 
rig-i, to rig 
rigid-a, rigid 
rigl-i, to bolt 
rigor-a, rigora 
rikan-i, to grin, sneer 
rikolt-i, to gather 
rilat-i, to relate 
rim-o, rhyme 
rimark-i, to remark 
rimed-o, means 
rimen-o, strap 
rimes-i, to remit money 
ring-o, ring 
rinocer-o, rhinoceros 
rip-o, rib 
ripar-i, to repair 
ripet-i, to repeat 
ripoz-i, to repose 
riproé-i, to reproach 
risk-i, to risk 
rism-o, ream 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 63 


risort-o, spring (metal) 
rit-o, rite 

ritm-o, rythm 
river-o, river 
riverenc-o, reverence 
riz-O, rice 

rob-o, robe 

rod-o, road (sea) 
rojalism-o, royalism 
rok-o, rock 

rol-o, role 

roman-o, a novel 
romanc-o, ballad 
romantik-a, romantic 
romp-i, to breok 
rond-o, circle 

ronk-i, to snore 
ros-o, dew 
rosmar-o, walrus 
rosmaren-o, rosemary 
rost-i, to roast 


sabat-o, Saturday 
sabl-o, sand 
sabr-o, saber 
safir-o, sapphire 
safran-o, saffron 
sagac-a, sagacious 
seg-o, arrow 
sag-a, wise 
sagu-o, sage 
sak-o, sack 
sakr-o, sacrum 


rostr-o, trunk, snout 
rot-o, company (mi/it.) 
rotond-o, rotunda 
rOZ-O, rose 

rozari-o, rosary 
rub-o, rubbish 
ruband-o, ribbon 
ruben-o, ruby 
rubl-o, rouble 
rubrik-o, head-line 
rug-a, red 

ruin-oj, ruins 

rukt-i, to eructate 
rul-i, to roll 

rum-o, rum 
ruman-o, a Roumanian 
rus-o, a Russian 
rust-i, to rust 

ru8-o, ruche, ruching 
rutin-o, routine 
ruz-a, cunning 


sakrament-o,sacrament 

sakrilegi-o, sacrilege 

saks-o, a Saxon 

Saksujo, Saxony 

sal-o, salt 

salajr-o, salary 

salamandr-o, salaman- 
der 

salamoniak-o, sal am- 
moniac 

salat-o, salad 


64 Esperanto-English Vocabulary ‘ 


sald-o, balance of an 
account 
salik-o, willow 
saliv-o, saliva 
salm-o, salmon 
salon-o, reception-room 
salpetr-o, saltpetre 
salt-i, to jump 
salut-i, to salute 
salvi-o, sage 
sam-a, same 
sambuk-o, elder (tree) 
samovar-o, samovar 
san-a, healthy 
sandal-o, sandal 
sang-o, blood 
sankci-o, sanction 
sangvin-a, sanguine 
sankt-a, holy 
sanskrit-o, sanskrit 
sap-o, soap 
sard-o, a Sardinian 
sardin-o, sardine 
sark-i, to weed 
sarkasm-o, sarcasm 
sat-a, satiated 
Satan-o, Satan 
satir-o, satire 
satirus-o, satyr 
satrap-o, satrap 
satur-i, to saturate 
salic-o, sauce 
sav-i, to save 
scen-o, scene 
sceptr-o, scepter 
sci-i, to know 


scienc-o, science 

sciur-o, squirrel ae 

se, if 

seb-o, tallow 

sed, but 

seg-i, to saw 

segment-o, segment 

sef-o, chair 

sek-a, dry 

sekal-o, rye 

sekc-i, to dissect 

sekci-o, section 

sekret-o, secret 

sekretari-o, secretary 

seks-o, sex 

sekst-o, sixth (music) 

sekt-o, sect 

sekulariz-i, secularize 

sekund-o, second 

sekv-i, to follow 

sel-o, saddle 

selakt-o, whey 

sem-i, to sow 

semafor-o, semaphore 

semajn-o, week 

semid-a, Semitic 

seminari-o, seminary 

sen, without 

senat-o, senate 

senc-o, sense, meaning 

send-i, to send 

sensaci-o, sensation 

sent-i, to feel 

sentenc-o, sentence 

sentimental-a, _ senti- 
mental 


LEsperanto-English Vocabulary 65 


sep, seven 
sepi-o, cuttle-fish 
Septembr-o, September 
seraf-o, seraph 
serb-o, a Servian 
seré-i, to seek 
seren-a, serene 
serenad-o, serenade 
sergent-o, sergeant 
seri-o, series 
serioz-a, serious 
serpent-o, serpent 
serur-o, lock 
serv-i, to serve 
servic-o, course (ata 
meal) 
servut-o, servitude 
ses, six 
sever-a, severe 
sezon-o, season 
sfer-o, sphere 
sfinks-o, sphinx 
si, self 
Siberi-o, Siberia 
sibl-i, to hiss 
sid-i, to sit 
sie@-i, to besiege 
sifilis-o, syphilis 
sifon-o, syphon 
sigel-i, to seal 
sign-o, sign 
signal-o, signal 
signif-i, to signify 
silab-o, syllable 
silent-i, to be silent 
silik-o, flint 


silk-o, silk 
silogism-o, syllogism 
siluet-o, silhouette 
silur-o, shad 

silvi-o, hedge-sparrow 
simbol-o, symbol 
simetri-o, symmetry 
simfoni-o, symphony 
simi-o, monkey, ape 
simil-a, similar 
simpati-o, sympathy 
simpl-a, simple 
simptom-o, symptom 
sinagog-o, synagogue 
sincer-a, sincere 
sindik-o, syndic 
sindikat-o, syndicate 
sinedri-o, sanhedrim 
singult-i, to hiccup 
sinjor-o, Mr., Sir 
sinod-o, synod 
sinonim-o, synonym 
sintaks-o, syntax 
sintez-o, synthesis 
siren-o, siren 

Siri-o, Syria 
Siring-o, lilac 
sirop-o, syrup 
sistem-o, system 
sitel-o, pail 
situaci-o, situation 
skabel-o, stool 
skaben-o, alderman 
skabi-o, itch 
skadr-o, squadron 
skal-o, scale (of map) 


66 


skalp-o, scalp 
skandal-o, scandal 
skandinav-o, a Scandi- 
navian 
skapol-o,shoulder-blade 
skarab-o, beetle 
skarlat-o, scarlet 
skarp-o, scarf 
skatol-o,small box, case 
skelet-o, skeleton 
skeptik-a, sceptical 
skerm.-i, to fence 
skiz-i, to sketch 
sklav-o, slave 
skolastik-a, scholastic 
skolop-o, woodcock 
skombr-o, mackerel 
skorbut-o, scurvy 
skorpi-o, scorpion 
skot-o, a Scot 
skrap-i, to scrape 
skrib-i, to write 
skrupul-a, scrupulous 
sku-i, to shake 
skulpt-i, to sculpture 
skun-o, schooner 
skur8-o, whip, scourge 
skvam-o, scales (fish) 
slang-o, slang 
slav-o, a Slav 
smerald-o, emerald 
smilak-o, sarsaparilla 
smirg-o, emery 
sobr-a, sober 
soci-o, society at large, 
the social body 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


soci-a, social-a, social — 


‘i 


socialism-o, socialism 
socialist-o, socialist 
sociologi-o, sociology 
societ-o, society 
sod-o, soda 
sof-o, sofa 
sofism-o, sophism 
soif-i, to be thirsty 
sojl-o, threshold 
sol-a, alone 
sol-o, solo 
soldat-o, soldier 
sole-o, sole (fish) 
solen-a, solemn 
solid-a, solid, substan- 
tial, respectable 
solidar-a, jointly liable 
soliter-o, tape-worm 
solv-i, to solve 
solvent-a, solvent 
somer-o, summer 
son-i, to give a sound 
sonat-o, sonata 
sond-i, sound, fathom 
song-o, dream: 
sonor-i, to ring 
sopir-i, to sigh for 
sopran-o, soprano 
sorb-i, to absorb 
soré-o, witchcraft 
sorik-o, shrew-mouse 
sorp-o, black haw 
sort-o, fate 
sovag-a, wild 
spac-o, space 





Esperanto-English Vocabulary 67 


spalir-o, espalier 
spasm.-o, spasm 
spat-o, spavin 
Spec-o, species 
special-a, special 
specifik-i, to specify 
specimen-o, specimen 
spektr-o, specter 
spegul-o, mirror 


spektakl-o, spectacle 
scene 
spekulaci-o, specula- 
tion 
spekulativ-a, specula- 
tive 


sperm-o, sperm 
spert-a, experienced 
spez-o, a clearing of 


funds: enspezi, /o 
take in; elspezi, to 
pay out 


spic-o, spice 

spik-o, ear (of grain) 

spin-o, spine 

spinac-o, spinach 

spindel-o, spindle 

spion-o, a spy 

spir-i, to breathe 

spirit-o, spirit 

spiritism-o, spiritism 

spiritualism-o,  spirit- 
ualism 

spiritus-o, spirit (alco- 
holic) 

spite, in spite of 

split-o, splint, sliver 


spong-o, sponge 

spontane-a, spontane- 

- ous 

sporad-a, sporadic 

sport-a, sport 

sprit-a, witty 

spron-o, spur 

sput-i, to spit, spit up 
blood, etc. 

stab-o, staff (army) 

stabl-o, work-bench 

staci-o, station 

stadi-o, stadium 

stal-o, shed, stall 

stalagmit-o, stalagmite 

stalaktit-o, stalactite 

stamp-i, to stamp, to 
mark 

stan-o, pewter 

standard-o, flag 

stang-o, pole 

stapl-o, pile, heap 

star-i, to stand 

stard-o, bustard 

stat-o, state, condition 

Statik-a, static 

statistik-o, statistics 

statu-o, statue 

statur-o, stature 

steb-i, to stitch 

stel-o, star 

stenografi-o, stenogra- 
phy 

step-o, steppe 

stereoskop-o, 
scope 


stereo- 


68 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


stereotip-o, stereotype 
sterk-o, dung, manure 


stern-i, to stretch or 
sprawl out 
stertor-i, to make a 


harsh noise 
stil-o, style 
stimul-i, to stimulate 
stipo, broom (shrub) 
stof-o, Russian measure 
stoik-a, stoical 
stomak-o, stomach 
stopl-o, stubble 
strab-i, to squint 
strang-a, strange 
strat-o, street 
streé-i, to stretch 
strek-i, to streak 
stri-o, streak, stripe 
strig-o, owl 
strigl-i, to curry(comb) 
strik-o, strike( workers) 
striknin-o, strychnine 
strof-o, strophe 
struktur-o, structure 
strut-o, ostrich 
student-o, student 
stuk-i, to stucco 
stump-o, stub, stump 
stup-o, tow 
sturg-o, sturgeon 
sturn-o, starling 
sub, under, beneath 
subit-a, sudden 
subjekt-o, subject 
subjektiv-a, subjective 


subjunktiv-o, subjunc- 
tive 
sublimat-o, sublimate 
substanc-o, substance 
substantiv-o, substan- 
tive 
subtil-a, subtle 
subtrah-i, to subtract 
sué-i, to suck 
sud-o, south 
sufer-i, to suffer 
sufié-a, sufficient 
sufiks-o, suffix 
sufok-i, to suffocate 
sugesti-o, suggestion 
suk-o, sap, juice 
sukcen-o, amber 
sukces-i, to succeed 
suker-o, sugar 
sulfur-o, sulphur 
sulk-o, furrow, wrinkle 
sultan-o, sultan 
sum-o, sum 
sun-o, sun 
sup-o, soup 
super, above 
superstié-o, 
tion 
supoz-i, to suppose 
supr-e, above 
sur, on 
surd-a, deaf 
surpriz-i, to surprise 
surtut-o, overcoat 
suspekt-i, to suspect 
suveren-o, sovereign 


supersti- 


Esperanto-English Vocabuiary 69 


svarm.-i, teem, swarm 

Svat-i, to act as match- 
maker 

sved-o, a Swede 


Saf-o, sheep 

Saft-o, shaft (machine) 

Sah-o, shah 

Sajn-i, to seem 

S8ak-oj, chess 

Sakal-o, jackal 

Sakt-o, shaft (mining) 

Sal-o, shawl 

Salup-o, shallop 

Salm-o, straw, stalk 

8am-o, chamois skin 

S8anc-o, luck, chance 

Sancel-i, to cause to 
hesitate, to shake 

Sang-i, to change 

Sankr-o, canker 

S8arad-o, charade 

Sarg-i, to load, charge 
(a gun, etc.) 

Sar@-i, to load (wagon, 
car, etc. 

Sark-o, shark 

8at-i, to prize, like 

Satiim-o, foam 

Sel-o, shell 

Selak-o, shellac 

8elk-o, suspenders 


D> 


sven-i, to swoon 
Sving-i, to swing 
Svis-o, a Swiss 


Serc-i, to joke 

$i, she 

Sild-o, shield 

Siling-o, shilling 

8im-i, to get mouldy, 
to spoil 

Sind-o, shingle 

Sink-o, ham 

Sip-o, ship 

Sir-i, to tear 

S8irm-i, to shield 

$lim-o, slime 

8los-i, to lock 

8mac-i, to kiss noisily 

Smir-i, to smear with 

Snur-o, string 

Sov-i, to shove, push 

Sovel-i, to shovel 

Sovinism-o, jingoism 

8par-i, to be sparing 

Spic-o, Spitz (dog) 

Spin-i, to spin 

Spruc-i, to spurt, spout 

Srank-o, cupboard 

Srapnel-o, shrapnel 

Sraub-o, screw 

Stal-o, steel 


70 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


S8tat-o, state 

8tel-i, to steal 
8tip-o, block of wood 
S8tof-o, goods, stuff 
S8ton-o, stone 

S8top-i, to stop up 
Strump-o, stocking 
Stup-o, stair-step 


t. €., tio estas, that is 

tabak-o, tobacco 

taban-o, gad-fly 

tabel-o, table (figures, 
names, etc.) 

tabl-o, table (furniture) 

tabul-o, plank 

taburet-o, tabouret 

taément-o, a squad of 
soldiers 

taft-o, taffeta 

tag-o, day 

tajlor-o, tailor 

tajd-o, tide 

taks-i, to estimate the 
value of, to price 

taksus-o, yew 

takt-o, bar (music) 

taktik-o, tactics 

talent-o, talent 

taler-o, thaler 

tali-o, waist 

talisman-o, talisman 


8u-o, shoe 

Suld-i, to owe 

Sultr-o, shoulder 

Sut-i, to chute or pour 
out grain, sand, etc. 

Svel-i, to swell 

Svit-i, to perspire 


talmud-o, talmud 
talp-o, mole (animal) 
talk-o, talc 
tambur-o, drum 
tamburin-o, tambourine 
tamen, however 
tamtam-o, tom-tom 
tan-i, to tan 
tandem-o tandem 
tangent-o, tangent 
tanin-o, tannin 
tapet-o, tapestry 
tapi8-o, carpet 

tar-o, tare Cot weight) 
tarantel-o, tarantella 
tarantul-o, tarantula 
tarif-o, tariff 

tas-o, cup 

task-o, task 

tartar-o, cream of tartar 
tatar-o, a Tartar 
tatu-i, to tattoo 
taiig-i, to be fit for 


ee i 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary aI 


tavol-o, layer 
te-o, tea 
teatr-o, theater 
ted-i, to be tedious 
teg-i, cover completely 
tegment-o, roof 
teism-o, theism 
teknik-a, technical 
teks-i, to weave 
telefon-o, telephone 
telegraf-o, telegraph 
telepati-o, telepathy 
teler-o, plate 
teleskop-o, telescope 
tem-o, theme, subject 
temp-o, time 
temperament-o, 
perament 
tempi-o, temple (head) 
templ-o, temple 
ten-i, to keep, hold 
tend-o, tent 
tenden-o, tendon 
tendenc-o, tendency 
tenor-o, tenor 
tent-i, to tempt 
teologi-o, theology 
teori-o, theory 
ter-o, earth 
terapeutik-o, therapeu- 
tics 
teras-o, terrace 
tercet-o, musical trio 
terebint-o, turpentine 
teritori-o,-territory 
termin-o, definition 


tem- 


termit-o, termite 

termometr-o,thermom- 
eter 

tern-i, to sneeze 

terur-o, terror 

testament-i, bequeath 

testik-o, testicle 

testud-o, tortoise 

tetan-o, lockjaw 

tetr-o, grouse 

tetra-o, hazel-hen 

tez-o, thesis 

tia, such, that kind 

tial, therefore 

tiam, then 

tiar-o, tiara 

tibi-o, tibia 

tie, there 

tiel, thus, in that way 

ties, that person’s 

tif-o, typhus 

tigr-o, tiger 

tikl-i, to tickle 

tili-o, linden 

tim-i, to fear 

timian-o, thyme 

timon-o, pole or shaft 
of vehicle 

tin-o, vat 

tindr-o, tinder 

tine-o, moth 

tinktur-o, tincture 

tint-i, to jingle 

tio, that, that thing 

tiom, that much, that 
many 


72 LE speranto-English Vocabulary 7 


tip-o, type 
tipografi-o, typography 
tir-i, to draw, pull 
tiran-o, tyrant 
titol-o, title 

tiu, that person, that 
tog-o, toga 

tol-o, linen 

toler-i, to tolerate 
tom-o, tome, 
tomat-o, tomato 
tomb-o, tomb 
tombak-o, tombac 
ton-o, tone 

tond-i, to shear, clip 
tondr-i, to thunder 
topaz-o, topaz 
topografi-o, topography 
toré-o, torch 

tord-i, to wind, twist 
torent-o, torrent 
torf-o, peat, turf 
torn-i, to turn on lathe 
tornistr-o, knapsack 
torped-o, torpedo 
tort-o, tart 

tost-o, toast 

tra, through 

trab-o, beam 
tradici-o, tradition 
traduk-i, to translate 
traf-i, to hit the mark 
He, Sr tragedy 
trahe-o, trachea 
trajt-o, feature 
trakt-i, to treat of 


traktat-o, treatise 
tram-o, tram 
trané-i,to cut 
trankvil-a, calm 
trans, across, beyond | 
transcend-a,transcend- 
ant 
transitiv-a, transitive 
trapez-o, trapeze 
trat-i, to draw (a draft, 
note, etc.) 
travesti-o, travesty 
tre, very 
tref-o, club (in cards) 
trem-i, to tremble 
tremolo, asp, aspen 
tremp-i, dip, immerse 
tren-i, to drag 
trezor-o, treasure 
tri, three 
tribun-o, rostrum 
tribunal-o, tribunal 
tribut-o, tribute 
tricikl-o, tricycle 
trik-i, knit 
trikot-o, knitted work 
tril-o, trill 
trink-i, to drink 
trip-oj, tripe 
tritik-o, wheat 
triumf-o, triumph 
trivial-a, trivial 
tro, too, too much 
trofe-o, trophy 
trog-o, trough, manger 
tromb-o, water-spout 


LE speranto-English Vocabulary 73 


trombon-o, trombone 

tromp-i, to deceive 

tron-o, throne 

trop-o, trope 

tropik-o, tropic 

trot-i, to trot 

trotuar-o, sidewalk 

trov-i, to find 

tru-o, hole 

trud-i, to intrude 

truf-o, truffle 

trul-o, trowel 

trump-o, a large horn 

trumpet-o, trumpet 

trunk-o, trunk (of tree) 

trup-o, troupe 

trust-o, trust, syndicate 

trut-o, trout 

tualet-o, toilet 

tub-o, tube 

tuber-o, bulb or knot 
(in plants) 


u, sign of imperative: 
amu, Jove 

uj’, that which contains: 
cigarujo, cigar-case 

ukaz-o, ukase 

ul’, a person noted for: 
timo, /ear; timulo, 
a coward. 

ulcer-o, ulcer 

uleks-o, furze 


tuf-o, tuft 

tuj, immediately 
tuk-o, a cloth 
tul-o, tulle 
tulip-o, tulip 
tumult-o, tumult 
tunel-o, tunnel 
tunik-o, tunic 
tur-o, tower 
turban-o, turban 
turbin-o, turbine 
turd-o, thrush . 
turist-o, tourist 
turk-o, Turk 
turkis-o, turquoise 
turment-i, to torment 
turn-i, to turn 
turnir-o, tournament 
turt-o, dove 

tus-i, to cough 

tu8-i, to touch 

tut-a, entire, whole 


' 


ulm-o, elm 

uln-o, ell 

ultimat-o, ultimatum 

ultramar-a, ultramar- 
ine 


um’, indefinite suffix 


‘umbilik-o, navel 


unc-o, ounce 
ung-o, finger-nail 
uniform-o, uniform 


74 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


univers-o, universe 

universal-a, universal 

universitat-o, univers- 
ity 

unik-a, unique 

unu, one 

ur-O, ure-ox 

uragan-o, hurricane 

uran-o, uranium 

urb-o, city, town 

urin-i, to urinate 

urn-o, urn 


vad-i, to wade 
vafi-o, waffle 

vag-i, to roam 
vagon-o, railway car 
vakcini-o, whortleberry 
vak-i, to be vacant 
vaks-o, wax 

val-o, valley 
valid-a, valid 
valiz-o, valise 
valor-i, to be worth 
vals-i, to waltz 
valv-o, valve 
vampir-o, vampire 
van-a, vain 
vandal-o, vandal 
vanel-o, lapwing 
vang-o, cheek 
vanil-o, vanilla 
vant-a, vain, futile 


urogal-o, heath-cock 

urs-o, bear 

urtik-o, nettle 

us, conditional of verb: 
amus, might love 

uter-o, womb, uterus 

util-a, useful 

utilism-o, utilitarianism 

utopi-o, utopia 

uvertur-o, overture 

uz-i, to use 

uzurp-i, to usurp 





vapor-o, vapor 

varb-i, to recruit, enlist 
variol-o, small-pox 
varm-a, warm 

vart-i, to nurse 
vasal-o, vassal 

vast-a, wide, vast 
vat-o, wadding 
Vatikan-o, Vatican 
vaz-o, vase 


‘vazelin-o, vaseline 


ve! woe! 

veget-i, to vegetate 
vegetar-a, vegetarian 
vejn-o, vein 

vek-i, to awake 
vekt-o, scale beam 
vel-o, sail 

velen-o, vellum 
velk-i, to fade 


Esperanto-English Vocabulary 75 


velociped-o, velocipede 
velur-o, velvet 
ven-i, to come 
vend-i, to sell 
vendred-o, Friday 
venen-o, poison 
vener-a, venereal 
ven@g-i, to avenge 
venki, to vanquish 
vent-o, wind 
ventol-i, to ventilate 
ventr-o, abdomen 
ver-a, true 
verand-o, veranda 
verb-o, verb 
verben-o, verbena 
verd-a, green 
verdigr-o, verdigris 
verdikt-o, verdict 
verg-o, switch, rod 
_ verk-i, to compose 
verm-o, worm 
vermut-o, vermouth 
vermiéel-o, vermicelli 
vers-0, verse 
verst-o, verst 
vers-i, to pour 
vert-o, fore part of the 
head 
vertag-o, terrier 
vertebr-o, vertebra 
vertikal-a, vertical 
veruk-o, wart 
verv-o, rapture 
vesp-0, wasp 
yesper-o, evening 


vespert-o, bat 

vest-i, to dress 

vestibl-o, vestibule 

veSt-o, vest 

vet-i, to bet 

veter-o, weather 

veteran-o, veteran 

veterinar-o, veterinary 

vetur-i, travel, journey 
by vehicle 

yvezik-o, bladder 

vezir-o, vizier 

vi, you 

viadukt-o, viaduct 

viand-o, meat 

vibr-i, to vibrate 

viburn-o, viburnum 

vic-o, rank, turn, order 

vici-o, vetch 

vid-i, to see 

vidv-o, widower 

vigl-a, alert 

vikari-o, curate 

vilag-o, village 

vin-o, wine 

vinagr-o, vinegar 

vind-i, to swaddle 

vinjet-o, vignette 

vinkt-i, to rivet, clinch 

vintr-o, winter 

viol-o, violet 

violon-o, violin 

violonéel-o, a violon- 
cello 

vip-o, whip 

viper-o, viper 


76 Esperanto-English Vocabulary 


vir-O, a man 

virg-a, virginal 

virt-o, virtue 

yirtuoz-o, virtuoso 

visk-o, mistletoe 

viski-o, whisky 

vist-o, whist 

viS-i, to wipe 

vitr-o, glass 

vitriol-o, vitriol 

viv-i, to live 

viza@-o, face 

vizi-o, vision 

vizier-o, vizor 

vizit-i, to visit 

voé-o, voice 

Voj-0, way, road 

vojag-i, to voyage 

vojevod-o, wayvode, a 
small Polish official 


zebr-o, zebra 
zelat-o, zealot 
zenit-o, zenith 
zibel-o, sable-marten 
zigzag-o, zigzag 
zingibr-o, ginger 
zink-o, zinc 

zizel-o, zizel 


vok-i, to call 
vokal-o, a vowel 
vol-i, to will , 
volfram-o, wolfram 
volont-e, willing] 
volum-o, volumnet Besa 
volumen-o, volume 
volupt-o, volupty 
volv-i, to roll, wind 
vom-i, to vomit 
vort-o, word 
vost-o, tail 
vual-o, veil 
vulgar-a, vulgar, com- 
mon 
vulkan-o, volkano 
vulp-o, fox 
vultur-o, vulture 
vund-i, to wound 


zodiak-o, zodiac 

zon-o, girdle 

zoologi-o, zoology 

zorg-i, care for, watch, 
see after 

zuav-o, zouave 

zum.-i, to hum 





on wal 


ENGLISH - ESPERANTO VOCABULARY 


abandon, forlasi 
abash, hontigi 

abbot, abato 
abbreviate, mallongigi 
abdomen, ventro 
abduct, forrabi 

abide, resti, logi 
ability, talento 

able, pova 

abolish, forigi, nuligi 
abomination, abomeno 
abound, svarmi 

about, preskai, ¢irkaii 
above, supre 

abscess, absceso 
absent, forestanta 
absolute, absoluta 
absorb, sorbi 
abstract, abstrakta 
absurd, absurda 
abuse, trouzi 
academy, akademio 
accede, cedi, konsenti 
accelerate, akceli 
accent (mark), signo 
accent, akcento 
accept, akcepti 
accident, okazo 
accompany, akompani 


according to, laii 

accouche, aku§&i 

account, konto, kalku- 
lo, rakonto 

accumulate, amasigi 

accurate, akurata 

accuse, kulpigi 

accustomed, kutima 

ace, aso 

ache, doloro 

acid, acido 

acknowledge, konfesi, 
avizi 

acorn, glano 

acquaint, sciigi, konigi 

acquiesce, konsenti 

acquire, akiri 

acrobat, akrobato 

act, ago, akto 

active, agema, aktiva 

actor, aktoro 

actual, efektiva 

adage, proverbo 

add, aldoni, adicii 

address, adresi 

adept, adepto 

adequate, adekvata 

adhere, alifi 

adieu, adiat 


78 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


adjacent, apuda 
adjective, adjektiva 
administer, administri 
admiral, admiralo 
admire, admiri 
admonish, admoni 
adopt, adopti, alpreni 
adore, adori 
adorn, ornami 
adulterate, falsi 
adultery, adulto 
Advent, Advento 
adverb, adverbo 
advertise, anonci 
advise, konsili, avizi 
affable, afabla 
affair, afero 

affect, afekti 
affection, amo, afekcio 
affirm, atesti 
affirmative, jesa 
affix, afikso 
afterward, poste 
again, ree 

against, kontrai 
agate, agato 

agent, agento 
agitate, agiti 

ago, antall 

agony, agonio 
agree, interkonsenti 
agriculture,agrikulturo 
ah! ha! 

ahead, antatie 

aid, helpi, asisti 

aim, celo 


air, aero, aerumi, ario 
alas! alas! 
album, albumo 
albumen, albumeno 
alcohol, alkoholo 
algebra, algebro 
alias, alie 
alike, simila 
alive, viva 
all, Giom, ¢iuj 
allot, lotumi 
allow, permesi 
allude, aludi 
allure, logi 
almighty, Ciopova 
almost, preskaii 
alms, almozo 
aloft, supre 
alone, sole 
alphabet, alfabeto 
Alps, Alpoj 
already, jam 
also, ankaii 
altar, altaro 
although, kvankam 
alto, aldo 
altogether, tute 
alum, aluno 
always, Ciam 
amalgam, amalgamo 
ambassador, ambasa- 
doro 
amber, sukceno 
ambition, ambicio 
ambush, embuski 
America, Ameriko 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


amidst. meze 
ammonia, amoniako 
among, inter 
ample, sufiéa 
amuse, amuzi 
analogy, analogio 
analyze, analizi 
anarchy, anarhio 
anatomy, anatomio 
ancestor, prapatro 
anchor, ankro 
ancient, antikva 
and, kaj 

anger, kolero 
angle, angulo 
animal, besto 
ankle, maleolo 
announce, anonci 
anonymous, anonima 
answer, respondi 
ant, formiko 
antelope, antilopo 
antipathy, antipatio 
antique, antikva 
anvil, amboso 

any, ia 

anybody, iu 
anybody’s, ies 
anyhow, iel 

any quantity, iom 
any time, iam 
anything, io 
anywhere, ie 
apart, aparte 
apathy, apatio 
ape, simio 


79 


apology, apologio 
apoplexy, apopleksio 
apostle, apostolo 
apostrophe, apostrofo 
apparatus, aparato 
appear, Sajni, aperi 
appetite, apetito 
applaud, aplatidi 
apple, pomo 
appoint, nomi, elekti 
approach, proksimifi 
approve, aprobi 
apricot, abrikoto 
April, Aprilo 

Arab, arabo 
arbitrary, arbitra 
arbitration, arbitracio 
arbor, latibo 

arc, arko 

arcade, arkado 
archipelago, insularo 
arctic, arktika 
ardent, fervora 
arena, areno 

argue, argumenti 
arm, armi, brako 
army, armeo 

aroma, aromo 
around, ¢irkaii 
arrest, aresti 
arrogant, aroganta 
arrow, sago 
arsenic, arseniko 
art, arto 

artery, arterio 
artichoke, artiSoko 


80 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


article, artikolo, afo 

artist, artisto 

as, kiel, tiel 

ashes, cindro 

Asia, Azio 

ask, demandi, peti 

asphalt, asfalto 

aspire, aspiri, celi 

assault, atako 

assign, asigni 

assist, asisti, helpi 

astringent, adstringa 

astrology, astrologio 

astronomy, astronomio 

at, ¢e 

atheism, ateismo 

athlete, atleto 

atmosphere, atmosfero 

atom, atomo 

attack, ataki 

attain, atingi 

attempt, atenci 

attend, atendi, atenti, 
servi, zorgi 

attention, atento 

attest, atesti 

attract, altiri 

auction, aiikcio 

audience, aiditorio 


babble, babili 
baboon, paviano 
baby, infaneto, ido 


aunt, onklino . 
auspices, atispicoj 
Australia, Aiistralio 
Austrian, aiistro 
author, aiitoro 
authority, aiitoritato 
autocrat, atitokrato 
automatic, atitomata 
automobile, atitomobilo 
autumn, aiituno 
avalanche, lavango 
avaricious, avara 
avenge, ven@i 
average, meza 
aversion, antipatio 
avert, deturni 

avid, avida 

avoid, eviti 

await, atendi 
awaken, veki 

away, for 

awful, terura 
awkward, nelerta 
awl, aleno 

axe, hakilo 

axis, akso 

axiom, aksiomo 

azote, azoto 

azure, lazura 





bachelor, fratlo 
back, dorso, re, poste 
badge, simbolo, devizo 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 81 


badger, melo 

bag, sako 

bagatelle, bagatelo 
baggage, pakajo 
bail, katicio 

balance, balanci 
balance-sheet, bilanco 
balcony, balkono 
bald, senhara 

ball, balo, pilko, globo 
ballad, balado 
ballast, balasto 
ballet, baleto 
balloon, balono 
ballot, baloti 

balsam, balzamo 
bamboo, bambuo 
banana, banano 
band, ligilo, bando 
bandage, bandafo 
banish, ekzili 

bank, banko, bordo 
banker, bankiero 
banner, flago,standardo 
banquet, festeno 
baptize, bapti 

bar, bari 

barbarian, barbaro 
barber, barbiro 

bare, nuda 

bark, boji, barko 
barley, hordeo 
barometer, barometro 
baron, barono 

barrel, barelo 
baritone, baritono 


base, fundamento 
basin, pelvo 
basket, korbo 
bass (music), baso 
bat, vesperto 
battery, baterio 
battle, batalo 
bayonet, bajoneto 
bazar, bazaro 

be, esti — 

beak, beko 

beam, trabo 
bean, fabo 

bear, urso 

bear, naski, produkti 
beard, barbo . 
beast, bruto, besto 
beat, bati 
beautiful, bela 
beaver, kastoro 
because, Gar 

bed, lito 

bee, abelo 

beech, fago 

beef, bovajo 

beer, biero 

beet, beto 

beetle, skarabo 
before, antati 

beg, petegi, peti almozon 
begin, komenci 
behave, konduti 
behind, post 
belch, rukti 
Belgian, belgo 
believe, kredi 


82 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


~bell, sonorilo 

belly, ventro 

belong, aparteni 

below, sub, malsupre 

belt, zono 

bench, benko, stablo 

bend, fleksi 

benediction, beno 

berry, bero 

besides, krom 

besiege, sie@i 

bet, veti 

between, inter 

beyond, trans 

Bible, biblio 

bicycle, biciklo 

big, granda 

bigamy, bigamio 

bile, galo 

bill, bilo, kalkulo, beko, 
kambio, afiSo 

bind, ligi, bindi, ban- 
dafi 

biography, biografio 

biology, biologio 

birch, betulo 

bird, birdo 

biscuit, biskvito 

bishop, episkopo 

bit, peco 

bite, mordi 

black, nigra 

blackbird, merlo 

bleat, bleki 

bless, beni 

blind, blinda 


block,  §&tipo, 
kvadrato 

blot, makulo 

blow, blovi 

blouse, bluzo, kitelo 

blue, blua 

boa, boao 

board, tabulo 

boast, fanfaroni 

boat, boato 

body, korpo 

Bohemian, bohemo 

boil, boli 

bolt, rigli 

bomb, bombo 

bonbon, bombono 

bone, osto 

bonnet, Capo 

book, libro 

boot, boto 

booth, budo 

borax, borakso 

bore, bori 

borrow, prunte preni 

bosom, brusto 

botany, botaniko 

both, ambai 

bottle, botelo 

bottom, fundo 

boulevard, bulvardo 

boundary, limo 

bouquet, bukedo 

bow, saluti 

bow, _ ar@o, 
banto 

bowl, pelvo, kaliko 


pafarko, 


bloko, | 





English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


box, kesto,  skatolo 
pugnebato, lofio 
boy, knabo 


brag, fanfaroni 
brain, cerbo 
brake, haltigilo 
bran, brano 
branch, branéo 
brave, brava 
bray, bleki 
bread, pano 
break, rompi 
breast, brusto, mamo 
breathe, spiri 
brick, briko 
bridge, ponto 
bridle, brido 
brigade, brigado 
brigand, bandito 
bright, hela, brila 
brighten, briligi 
brilliant, brilianto 
bring, alkonduki 
brink, rando 
briny, sala 
brittle, facilrompa 
broad, larga 
brochure, brosuro 
bronchitis, bronkito - 
brooch, broéo 
brood, kovi 
brook, rivereto 
broom, balailo 
brother, frato 
brown, bruna 
bruise, kontuzi 


83 


brush, broso 

brute, bruto 
bucket, sitelo 
buckle, buko 
buckwheat, poligono 
bud, burfono 
buffalo, bubalo 

bug, cimo 

build, konstrui 
bulb, bulbo 
Bulgarian, bulgaro 
bull, bovoviro 
bullet, kuglo 

bun, bulko 

bundle, fasko 
bungle, fui 
burden, Sarfo 
bureau, komodo, oficejo 
burn, bruli, bruligi 
burnish, poluri 
burner, flamingo 
bury, enfosi, enterigi 
bush, arbeto 

bushel, buSelo 


business, afero, pro- 
fesio, komerco, ofico 
bust, busto 


busy, okupata 

but, sed, krom, escepte 

butcher, buéi 

butter, butero 

butterfly, papilio 

button, butono, buton- 
umi 

buy, ateti 

by, per, apud, preter 


84 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


cab, fiakro 

cabbage, brasiko 

cabin, kajuto, kabano, 
éambreto 

cable, Snurego 

cadet, kadeto 

cafe, restoracio, kafejo 

cage, kafo 

cake, kuko 

calculate, kalkuli 

caldron, kaldrono 

calendar, kalendaro 

calf, bovido, tibikarno 

caliber, kalibro 

calico, kalikoto 

call, voki 

callous, kala 

calm, kvieta, trankvila 

calumny, kalumnio 

camp, tendaro 

camphor, kamforo 

can, povas 

canal, kanalo 

canary, kanario 

candidate, kandidato 

candle, kandelo 

candy, kando 

cane, kano, bastono 

cannon, pafilego 

canon, kanono 

canopy, baldakeno 

canvas, kanvaso 

cap, Gapo, kepo 

capable, kapabla 





capital, kapitalo, kapi- 
telo, granda litero 
capitol, kapitolo 
caprice, kaprico 
captain, Sipestro, kap- 
itano 
carat, karato 
caravan, karavano 
carbuncle, karbunkolo 
card, karto 
cardboard, kartono 
care, zorgi 
caress, karesi 
carmine, karmino 
carnival, karnivalo 
caricature, karikaturi 
carp, karpo 
carpenter, Carpenti 
carpet, tapiSo 
carriage, veturilo 
carrot, karoto 
carry, porti 
cartilage, kartilago 
cartridge, karto¢o 
case, kazo, kesto, ingo 
cash, mono, kontanto 
cast, fandi 
castle, kastelo 
cat, kato 
catalogue, katalogo 
catarrh, kataro 
catch, kapti 
cathedral, katedralo 
Catholic, Katolika 


English-Esperanio Vocabulary - 85 


cauliflower, florbrasiko 

cause, katizo 

caution, averti 

cavalry, kavalerio 

cave, kaverno 

cease, esi 

cedar, cedro 

cede, cedi 

ceiling, plafono 

celery, celerio 

cell, Gelo 

cellar, kelo 

cement, cemento 

censor, cenzuri 

cent, cendo 

centime, centimo 

center, centro 

century, centjaro 

ceremony, ceremonio 

certain, certa 

certify, certigi, atesti 

chagrin, ¢agreno 

chain, Geno 

chair, sefo 

chalice, kaliko 

chalk, kreto 

chamber, é¢ambro 

chamois, Gamo 

chamois-skin, Samo 

chance,hazardo, Sanco, 
okazo 

change, San@i 

chapter, €apitro 

character, karaktero 

chariot, Garo 

charlatan, ¢arlatano 


charming, ¢arma 
chaste, Gasta. 
chatter, babili 
cheap, malkara 
cheat, trompi 
cheese, fromafo 
chemise, Gemizo 
chemistry, hemio 
check, Geko 

cherry, €erizo 
chess, Sakoj 

chest, kesto, brusto 
chestnut, kaStano 
chew, mati 

chief, ¢efa 

child, infano 
chimney, kamentubo 
chin, mentono 
china, porcelano 
Chinaman, hino 
chirp, ¢irpi, pepi 
chisel, ¢izi 
chocolate, ¢okolado 
choice, elekto 
choir, horo 

chop, haki 

Christ, Kristo 
Christmas, Kristnasko 
church, eklezio, prefejo 
cider, cidro 


' cigar, cigaro 


cigarette, cigaredo 
cinder, cindro 
cinnamon, cinamo 
cipher, cifero 
circle, rondo 


86 English-Esperanto Vocabulary . - 


circular, cirkulero 

circumstance, cirkon- 
stanco 

circus, cirko 

cistern, cisterno 

cite, citi 

citizen, urbano, ano 

city, urbo 

civil, civila, @entila 

civilize, civilizi 

class, klaso 

claw, ungo, ungego 

clay, argilo 

clean, pura 

clear, klara 

clerk, komizo 

clever, lerta 

client, kliento 

climate, klimato 

climb, suprenrampi 

clink, tinti 

clip, tondi 

cloak, mantelo 

clock, horlofo 

close, proksima 

close, fermi 

cloth, drapo, tuko 

clothe, vesti 

cloud, nubo 

clove, kariofilo 

club, bastonego, trefo, 
klubo 

coal, karbo, 8tonkarbo 

coast, marbordo, gliti 

coat, vesto 

cock, koko 


cali ie 
a) Bit) 
nh ie fre | 


cocoa, kakao 
cocoanut, kokoso 
cod, gado 
codicil, kodicilo 
coddle, dorloti 
coffee, kafo 
coffer, kesto 
coffin, Gerko 
coin, monero 
coke, koakso 
colic, koliko 
collar, kolumo 
collect, kolekti 
college, kolegio 
colonel, kolonelo 
colony, kolonio 
colossal, kolosa 
color, koloro 
column, kolono 
comb, kombi 
combat, batalo 
combine, kombini 
come, veni 
comedy, komedio 
comet, kometo 
comfort, komforto 
comic, komika 
comma, komo 
command, komandi, 
ordoni 
commander (of an or- 
der), komandoro 
commence, komenci 


commentary, komen- 
tario 
commerce, komerco 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 87 


commission, komisio, 
maklero 

committee, komitato 

common, komuna, vul- 
gara 3 

commune, komunumo 


compact, kompakta 


company, kompanio, 
roto, trupo, anaro, 
gastoj 


compare, kompari 
compass, kompaso, cir- 
kelo 
compel, devigi 
complicate, kompliki 
compute, kalkuli 
comrade, kamarado 
conceal, ka$i 
concede, cedi 
concern, koncerni 
concerning, pri 
concert, koncerto 
conclude, konkludi, fini 
concubine, kromvirino 
condemn, kondamni 
condition, kondiéo,stato 
condole, kondolenci 
conduct, konduki 
conduct, konduto 
cone, konuso 
confederate, konfederi 
conference, konferenco 
confess, konfesi 
confide, konfidi 
conform, konformi 
confuse, konfuzi 


congress, kongreso 
conjecture, konjekti 
conscience, konscienco 
consent, konsento 
consequently, sekve 
console, konsoli 
constitution, konstitu- 
cio 
construct, konstrui 
consul, konsulo 
consume, konsumi 
consumption, ftizo 
contact, kontakto 
contain, enhavi 
contempt, malestimo 
contend, batali, disputi 
content, kontenta 
contest, disputi, konkuri 
continent, kontinento 
continue, daitri, daitrigi 
contour, konturo 
contraband, kontraban- 
do 
contract, kontrakto 
contradict, kontraiidiri 
contrary, kontraia 
contrast, kontrasti 
contrive, elpensi 
control, kontroli 
contusion, kontuzo 
convene, kunveni 
convenient, konvena 
conventional, kutima 
converge, konver@i 
conversation, konver- 
sacio 


88 English-Esperanto Vocabulary “Sm 


convert, konverti 

convince, konkinki 

cook, kuiri 

copper, kupro 

copy, kopii, ekzemplero 

coquet, koketi 

coral, koralo 

cork, korko, Stopi 

corkscrew, korktirilo 

corn, maizo, kalo 

corner, angulo 

cornice, kornico 

corporal, korporalo, 
korpa 

corpse, kadavro 

correct, korekta 

correspond, korespondi 

corset, korseto 

Cossack, kozako 

cost, kosto 

costly, multekosta 

cotton, kotuno 

cough, tusi 

counsel, konsili, advo- 
kato 

count, kalkuli, grafo 

countenance, vizafo 

country, lando,kamparo 

couple, paro 

courage, kurafo 

courier, kuriero 

course, kurso 

court, jufejo, jufistaro, 
amindumi 

courteous, fentila 

cousin, kuzo, kuzino 


cover, kovri, tegi 
cowl, kapuéo we, 
coxcomb, dando . 
coy, rezerva 

crab, kankro 

crack, fendi, kraki 
cradle, lulilo 

crafty, ruza 

crane, gruo, Sarflevilo 
crape, krepo 

crater, kratero 
cravat, kravato 
crawl, rampi 

crayon, krajono 
crazy, freneza 

cream, kremo 

create, krei 

credit, kredito 
creditor, kreditoro 
credulity, kredemo 
creed, kredo 

creep, rampi 

Creole, kreolo 

crest, tufo 

crevice, fendo 

crew, Sipanaro 
cricket, grilo 

crime, krimo 
crippled, kripla 
crisis, krizo 
criticise, kritiki 
crocodile, krokodilo 
crop, rikolto, kropo | 
cross, kruco, malafabla — 
crystal, kristalo 
cube, kubo 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 8&9 


cuckoo, kukolo 
cucumber, kukumo 
cuff, manumo 
cuirass, kiraso 
culpable, kulpa 
cunning, ruza 

cup, taso 

cupola, kupolo 

. cure, kuraci, resanigi 
curl, buklo 
currant, ribo 


daffodil, narciso 
dagger, ponardo 
dahlia, dalio 
daily, Giutaga 
dainty, frandajo 
daisy, lekanteto 
dam, digo 
damage, difekti 
damask, damasko 
dame, sinjorino 
damn, kondamni 
dance, danci 
dandy, dando 
Dane, dano 
dandelion, leontodo 
danger, danfero 
dangle, pendeti 
dare, kuragi 
dark, malluma 


current, fluo 
curtain, kurteno 
cushion, kuseno 
custom, kutimo 
cut, tran¢i 
cutlet, kotleto 
cyclone, ciklono 
cylinder, cilindro 
cymbal, cimbalo 
cypress, cipreso 
czar, caro 


darken, mallumigi 

darling, karuleto 

darn, fliki 

dart, sego, pikilo 

date, dato, datumi, 
daktilo 

dative, dativo 

daub, fuSi 

daughter, filino 

daunt, timigi 

dauntless, sentima 

dawn, tagifo 

day, tago 

daybook, taglibro 

daydream, revo 

dazzle, blindigi 

deacon, diakono 

dead, senviva, mortinta 

deaf, surda 


90 


deal, komerci, disdoni 
dear, kara, multekosta 
death, morto 
debate, debato 
debauch, diboto 
debit, debito 

debt, Suldo 
decanter, karafo 
decaying, kaduka 
deceive, trompi 
December, Decembro 
decent, deca 

decide, decidi 
decipher, de¢ifri 
deck, ferdeko’ 
declaim, deklami 
declaration, deklaracio 
declare, aserti 
declivity, deklivo 
decorate, ornami 
deep, profunda 

deer, cervo 

defend, defendi 
deficiency, deficito 
define, definite 
delay, prokrasti 
delegate, delegito 
delegation, delegacio 
delicate, delikata 
deliver, liveri 
demand, postuli 
democrat, demokrato 
demon, demono 
denounce, denunci 
dense, densa 

deny, nei 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


depend, dependi 
depute, deputi 
describe, priskribi 
desert, forlasi 
desert, dezerto 
deserve, meriti 
design, desegno 
desire, deziri 
desk, skribtablo 
dessert, deserto 
destine, destini 
destroy, detrui 
detail, detalo 
deter, malhelpi 
devil, diablo 
devoted, sindona 
dew, roso 
diagonal, diagonala 
diagram, diagramo 
dialect, dialekto 
dialogue, dialogo 
diameter, diametro 
diamond, diamanto 
dictate, dikti 
dictionary, vortaro 
differ, diferenci 
dig, fosi 
digest, digesti 
diligent, diligenta 
dine, tagman@i, vesper- 
manfi 
dip, trempi 
diphthong, diftongo 
diploma, diplomo 
diplomacy, diplomatio 
direct, direkti, ordoni 


English-Esperanio Vocabulary 


direct, rekta 

director, direktoro 

dirt, koto 

disc, disko 

discount, diskonto 

discover, eltrovi 

discreet, diskreta 

discuss, diskuti 

disgust, naiizi 

dish, plado 

disinfect, dezinfekti 

dispatch, depeSo 

dispel, forpeli 

dispute, disputi 

dissolve, solvi 

distinct, klara 

distinguish, distingi 

disturbance, tumulto 

diverse, diversa 

divide, dividi 

divorce, eksedzifo 

do, fari 

doctor, doktoro, kura- 
cisto 

document, dokumento 

dog, hundo 

dogma, dogmo 

doll, pupo 

dollar, dolaro 

door, pordo 

dose, dozo 

dot, punkto 

doubt, dubi 

douche, duSo0 

dove, kolombo 

down, lanugo 


drag, treni 
dragon, drako 


dragoon, dragono 


drama, dramo 
draw, tiri 


drawers, kalsono 
dray, Sar@veturilo 


dream, soni 
dregs, feéo 
dress, vesti 
drill, bori 
drink, trinki 
drone, burdo 
drop, guto, fali 
drown, droni 
drug, drogo 
drum, tamburo 
dry, seka 
duck, anaso 
dude, dando 
duel, duelo 
duet, dueto 
duke, duko 
dull, malakra 
dung, sterko 
durable, fortika 
duration, dairo 
during, dum 
dust, polvo 


duty, devo, imposto 


dyke, digo 


dynamics, dinamiko 
dynamite, dinamito 
dynasty, dinastio 


gI 


dysentery, disenterio 
dyspepsia, dispepsio 


92 English-Esperanto Vocabulary | 


each, ¢iu 

eager, avida 
eagle, aglo 

ear, orelo, spiko 
earl, grafo 

early, frua, frue 
earth, tero 
earthenware, fajenco 
earthquake, tertremo 
east, oriento 
Easter, Pasko 
easy, facila 

eat, man@i 
ebony, ebono 
echo, eho 
economize, Spari 
ecstacy, ekstazo 
eczema, ekzemo 
Edeno, Eden 
edge, rando 
edict, edikto 
edify, edifi 

edit, redakti 
edition, eldono 
educate, eduki 
eel, angilo 
effect, efiki 
effort, peno, atenco 
egg, ovo 
Egyptian, egipto 
eight, ok 

either, at 
elastic, elasta 
elbow, kubuto 





ost 
Ret; 
elect, elekti rN 
ell, ulno 
elm, ulmo 
else, alie 


embarass, embarasi 

emblem, emblemo 

embrace, ¢irkaiipremi 

embroider, brodi 

emerald, smeraldo 

eminent, eminenta 

empire, imperio 

employ, dungi, uzi 

employment, ofico 

empty, malplena, vak- 
anta 

enamel, emajlo 

enclose, enmeti,enfermi 

encore, bis 

encounter, renkonti 

encroach, trudi 

end, fino 

endow, doti 

enemy, malamiko 

energy, energio 

engine, maSino 

Englishman, anglo 

enjoy, fui 

enlist, varbi, aligi al 

enough, sufite 

enterprise, entrepreno 

enthusiasm,entuziasmo 

entice, logi 

entire, tuta 

entreat, petegi 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 93 


envelop, envolvi 
envelope, koverto 
envy, envii 
epidemic, epidemio 
epilepsy, epilepsio 
episode, epizodo 
epitaph, epitafo 
epithet, epiteto 
epoch, epoko 
equal, egala 
equation, ekvacio 
equator, ekvatoro 
err, erari 

errand, komisio 
erysipelas, erizipelo 
escort, eskorto 
especial, speciala 
essence, esenco, oleo 


establish, fondi, kon-. 


stati, starigi 
esteem, estimi 
eternal, eterna 
ether, etero 
ethics, etiko 
etiquette, etiketo 
euphonious, belsona 
Europe, Etiropo 
even, eé, ebena 
event, okazo 
ever, ajn, iam 
every, Ciu, Gia 
everybody, ¢iu 
everybody’s, ¢ies 
everything Cio 
everywhere, Cie 
evident, evidenta 


evolution, evolucio 


exact, preciza, fusta 
examine, ekzameni 
example, ekzemplo 
except, escepte 
excessive, troa 
exchange, interSanfo 
exchange, borso 
excite, eksciti 
exclusive, eksklusiva 
excursion, ekskurso 
execute, ekzekuti 
exercise, ekzerco 
exhibition, ekspozicio 
exist, ekzisti 
expand, etendi 
expect, atendi 
expedite, ekspedi 
expel, elpeli 
expense, elspezo 
experience, sperto 
expert, lerta 
explain, klarigi 
explode, eksplodi 
explore, esplori 
express, esprimi, sendi 
rapidire 
extend, etendi 
external, ekstera 
extinguish, estingi 
extra, ekstra 
extreme, ekstrema 
eye, okulo 
eyebrow, brovo 
eyeglasses, okulvitroj 
eyelid, palpebro 


94 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


fable, fablo 

. facilitate, faciligi 

facsimile, faksimilo 

fact, fakto 

factory, fabriko 

fade, velki 

fail,malsukcesi, bankroti 

faint, sveni 

fair, foiro, justa 

faith, fido 

fairy, feino 

fall, fali 

falsa, falsa, malvera 

fame, famo 

family, familio 

familiar, familiara 

fan, ventumi 

fanatical, fanatika 

fantasy, fantazio 

far, malproksima 

farewell, adiat 

farm, farmi 

fashion, maniero, modo, 
fasono 

fast, rapida 

fat, grasa 

fatal, fatala 

fate, sorto 

father, patro 

fathom, sondi 

faucet, krano 

fault, kulpo, eraro 

favor, favoro 

fear, timo 


feast, festeni 

feather, plumo 

February, Februaro 

fee, pago 

feed, nutri 

feel, palpi, senti 

felt, felto 

female, ino 

feminism, feminismo 

fence, skermi, barilo 

fennel, fenkolo 

ferment, fermenti 

fern, filiko 

ferry, pramo 

fervor, fervoro 

festoon, festono 

festival, festo 

fetter, kateno 

fever, febro 

few, iom, nemultaj, 
malmultaj, kelkaj 

fiance, fian¢o 

fiber, fibro 

fictitious, fiktiva 

fie! fi! 

field, kampo 

fig, figo 

fight, batali 

figure, cifero 

file, fajli 

fill, plenigi 

final, fina 

finance, financo 

find, trovi 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 95 


fine, delikata, bela, mal- 
dika 

finger, fingro 

finish, fini 

fir, abio 

fire, fajro 

fire-place, kameno 

firm, firmo, fortika 

first, unua 

fiscal, fiska 

fish, fiSo, fiSkapti 

fist, pugno 

fit, tatiga 

five, kvin 

fixed, fiksa 

flag, flago, standardo 

flake, floko 

flame, flamo 

flank, flanko 

flannel, flanelo 

flap, klapo 

flat, plata 

flatter, flati 

flea, pulo 

flesh, karno, viando 

flexible, fleksebla 

flint, siliko 

flirt, koketi, flirti 

flour, faruno 

flow, flui 

flower, floro 

flue, kamentubo 

fluid, flua 

flute, fluto 

fly, flugi, mu$o 

foam, Satimo 


focus, fokuso 
fodder, furafo 
fog, nebulo 
fold, faldi 
follow, sekvi 
fond, ama 
fondle, dorloti 
foot, piedo, futo 
foot, on, piedire 
fop, dando 
for, pro, por, éar 
forbear, toleri 
force, devigi 
forehead, frunto 
foreign, fremda, 
landa 
foresee, antatividi 
forge, for@i, falsi 
forest, arbaro 
forget, forgesi 
forget-me-not, miozoto 
forgive, pardoni 
fork, forko 
form, formo 
formal, ceremonia 
formation, formacio 
formula, formulo 
forsake, forlasi 
fortify, fortikigi 
forward, antatien 
forward, ekspedi, sen- 
di, antatienigi 
foster, nutri 
foul, malpura 
found, fondi 
foundation, fondajo 


ali- 


eee 
ave 


it, phd 
al tg 


96 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


fountain, fontano 
four, kvar 

fowl, kortbirdo 

fox, vulpo 

fraction, frakcio 
fragment, fragmento 
frame, kadro 

franc, franko 
France, Francujo 
frank, sincera 
fraternal, frata 
fraud, trompo 
freckle, lentugo 
free, libera, senpaga 
freemason, framasono 
freight, Sarfo 
Frenchman, franco 
frequent, ofta 
fresco, fresko 
fresh, freSa 


gain, gajni 

gaiter, gamaSo 
gall, galo 

gallery, galerio 
gallop, galopi 
game, ludo, @asafo 
gamut, gamo 
gang, bando 
gangrene, gangreno 
garden, fardeno 
gargle, gargari 
garland, girlando 


| friend, amiko 


fringe, franfo 
frivolous, frivola 
friz, frizi 

frog, rano 

frost, frosto 
froth, Saiimo 
fruit, frukto 

fry, friti 

fulfill, plenumi 
full, plena . 
funnel, funelo 
fur, felo 

furious, furioza 
furnace, forno 
furnish, provizi 
furniture, meblaro 
further, plie, plu 
futile, vanta 
future, estonta 


garlic, ajlo 
garment, vesto 
garrison, garnizono 
garter, Strumpligilo 
gas, gaso 

gather, kolekti 
gauge, mezuri 
gauze, gazo 

gay, gaja 

gazette, gazeto 
gelatine, gelateno 
gendarme, fendarmo 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 97 


gender, sekso 

genealogy, genealogio 

general, fenerala, gen- 
eralo 

gipsy, cigano 

grave, tombo, grava 

gravy, viandsuko 

gray, griza 

grease, graso 

great, granda 

green, verda 

Greek, greko 

grimace, grimaco 

grind, pisti, mueli 

groan, femi 

groin, ingveno 

grotesque, groteska 

ground, tero 


ha! ha! 

habit, kutimo 
hack, haki 

hail, hajli 

hair, haro 

half, duono 

halt, halti, haltigi 
ham, Sinko 
hammer, martelo 
hand, mano 
hang, pendi, pendigi 
happiness, feli¢o 
harbor, haveno 
hard, malmola 


group, grupo 
grouse, tetro 

grow, kreski 
grumble, grumbli 
grunt, grunti 
guarantee, garantio 
guard, gardi, gvardio 
guess, diveni 
guest, gasto 
guide, gvidi 
guillotine, gilotino 
guilt, kulpo 

guitar, gitaro 

gulf, golfo 

gum, gumo 

gun, pafilo 
gunpowder, pulyo 
gypsum, gipso 


hardly, apenat 

hare, leporo 

harem, haremo 
harmony, harmonio 
harness, jungi 

harp, harpo 

harpoon, harpuno 
harrow, erpi 

harsh, malmilda, severa 
harvest, rikolto 
hasten, rapidi, rapidigi 
hat, Gapelo 

hatchet, hakilo 

hate, malami 


98 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


have, havi 

haven, haveno 

hawk, akcipitro, 
porti 

hay, fojno 

hazard, hazardo 

hazel-nut, avelo 

he, li 

head, kapo, estro 

heal, resanigi, kuraci 

heap, amaso, staplo 

hear, aiidi 

heart, koro, kero 

heat, hejti, varmigi 

heaven, Cielo 

heavy, peza 

Hebrew, hebreo 

hedgehog, erinaco 

heed, atenti 

heel, kalkano, kalkan- 
umo 

heir, heredanto 

heliotrope, heliotropo 

hell, infero 

helm, direktilo 

help, helpi 

hem, borderi 

hemisphere, duonsfero 

hemp, kanabo 

hen, kokino 

hence, de nun, de tio 

her, Sin, Sia, si, sia 

herald, heroldo 

herb, herbo 

herd, paSti, brutaro 

here, tie ¢i, @i tie 


kol- 


heresy, herezo 

hermit, ermit 

hero, heroo 

herring, haringo 

hesitate, Sancelifi 

hiccough, singulti 

hide, kaSi 

hierarchy, hierarhio 

hieroglyphic, hieroglifo 

high, alta 

him, li, lin 

himself, sin, si mem 

Hindoo, hindo 

hinge, ¢arniro 

hip, kokso 

hippodrome,hipodromo 

hippopotamus, ar as 
tamo 

hire, dungi 

his, ia, sia 

hiss, sibli 

history, historio 

hit, frapi 

ho! ho! 

hoarfrost, prujno 

hoarse, ratika 

hoe, sarki 

hog, porko 

hold, teni, holdo 

hole, truo 

holiday, festo 

holly, ilekso 

holy, sankta 

home, hejmo 

homeopathy, 
patio 


homeo- 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 99 


honest, honesta 
honey, mielo 
honor, honoro 
hoof, hufo 

hook, hoko 

hope, esperi 

hops, lupolo 
horizon, horizonto 
horn, korno 
horoscope, horoskopo 
horse, Gevalo 

host, mastro, multego 
hot, varmega 

hotel, hotelo 

hour, horo 

house, domo 

how, kiel 

however, tamen 
hue, nuanco 

hum, zumi 

human being, homo 
humane, humana 
humble, humila 


I, mi 

ice, glacio 

idea, ideo 

ideal, idealo 
identical, identa 
idiom, idiomo — 
idol, idolo 

if, se 

ignorance, nescio 


humerus, humero 

humor, humoro 

hump, fibo 

hunger, malsato 

hundred, cent 

hunt, é@asi, ser@i 

hurrah! hura! 

hurry, rapidi 

hurt, vundi, dolori, di- 
fekti 

husband, edzo 

husk, Selo 

hyacinth, hiacinto 

hydrogen, hidrogeno 

hydrophobia, hidrofo- 
bio 

hyena, hieno 

hymn, himno 

hyperbole, hiperbolo 

hypokritical, hipokrita 

hypothesis, hipotezo 

hyssop, hisopo 

hysteria, histerio 


illness, malsano 
illuminate, ilumini 
illusion, iluzio 
illustrate, ilustri 
image, figuro 
imagine, imagi 
imitate, imiti 
immediately, tuj 
immense, grandega 


100 


immigrate, enmigri 
imp, koboldo 

impair, difekti 
imperative, ordona 
imperial, imperia 
import, enporti 
impress, impresi 

in, en 

inch, colo 

incite, inciti 

incline, inklini, deklivo 
include, enhavi 
income, rento 
indefinite, nedifinita 
index, tabelo 
indicate, montri 
indicative, indikative 
indifferent, indiferenta 
indignant, indigna 
individual, individuo 
indorse, @iri 
industrious, diligenta 
industry, an, industrio 
inertia, inercio 
infant, infano, infaneto 
infect, infekti 
infernal, infera 
infinite, senlima 
influence, influi 
influenza, gripo 
inform, informi, sciigi 
infuse, infuzi 
inhabit, lofi 

inhale, enspiri 
initiate, iniciati 
injury, vundo, difekto 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


inoculate, inokuli 
inquire, demandi - 
inquisitive, sciama 
insane, freneza 
insect, insekto 
inside, interne 
insidious, insida 
insist, insisti 
inspiri, inspiri 
instance, instanco 
instead of, anstatati 
instinct, instinkto 
institute, fondi, insti- 
tuto 
institution, institucio 
instruct, instrui 
instrument, instrumen- 
to, ilo 
insult, insulti 
intelligent, inteligenta 
intend, intenci 
intense, forta, ega 
inter, enterigi 
interest, intereso, pro- 
cento 
interior, interna 
interpret, traduki 
interrupt, interrompi 
intrigue, intrigi 
intrude, trudi 
invalid, invalido, mal- 
sanulo 
invent, elpensi 
inventory, inventaro 
investigate, esplori — 
invite, inviti 





LEnglish-Esperanto Vocabulary 


invoice, fakturo 
iodine, jodo 
Ireland, Irlando 
iron, fero, gladi 
irony, ironio 

is, estas 

island, insulo 


jackass, azenviro 
jackal, Sakalo 


jacket, jako, jako,jaketo 


jail, karcero 

jam, fruktajo 
January, Januaro 
Japanese, japano 
jay, garolo 
jessamine, jasmeno 
Jesus, Jesuo 
Jew, judo 
jingle, tinti 

job, tasko 

join, kunigi 


kangaroo, didelfo 
keel, kilo 

key, Slosilo 

kick, piedfrapo 
kidney, reno 

kill, mortigi, buéi 
kilogram, kilogramo 
kiloliter, kilolitro 


isolate, izoli 
issue, eldoni 
isthmus, istmo 
it, @i 

Italian, Italo 
itch, juki 

ivy, hedero 


joint, artiko 
joke, Serci 
journal, jurnalo 
joy, Zojo, joy 
jubilee, jubileo 
judge, jugi 
jug, kruéo 
juggle, jongli 
juice, suko 
July, Julio 
June, Junio 
just, justa, @uste 
just now, jus 
justice, justeco 


kilometer, kilometro 
kind, speco, bonkora 
king, refo 

kiss, kisi 

kitchen, kuirejo 
knapsack, tornistro 
knead, knedi 

knee, genuo 


Iot 


102 


knife, tran¢ilo 
knight, kavaliro 
knit, triki 
knout, knuto 


labor, labori 

lace, lati, pasamento, 
punto 

lack, manko 

lackey, lakeo 

laconic, lakona 

lad, knabo 

lady, sinjorino 

lake, lago 

lamb, Safido 

lame, lama 

lamp, lampo 

lance, lanco 

land, tero, lando 

landlord, hotelmastro, 
bienulo 

landscape, pejzafo 

language, lingvo 

lantern, lanterno 

larceny, Stelo 


lard, lardo 
large, granda 
lark, alatido 


larva, larvo 
larynx, laringo 
last, lasta, datiri 
late, malfrua 
lath, lato 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


know, Sscii 

knot, banto, tubero 
kopeck, kopeko 
Koran, korano 


lathe, tornilo 
Latin, latina 

laugh, ridi 
laundress, lavistino 
laurel, latiro 

law, lefo 

lawsuit, proceso 
lay, meti 

layer, tavolo 

lead, konduki 

lead, plumbo 

leaf, folio 

lean, klini, malgrasa 
leap, salti 

learn, lerni, sciifi 
legitimate, legitima 
lemon, citrono 
lemonade, limonado 
lend, prunti, prunte doni 
leopard, leopardo 
leprosy, lepro 

less, malpli 
lesson, leciono 
lethargy, letargio 
letter, letero, litero 
lettuce, latuko 
level, nivelo, ebena 
liable, responda 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


liberal, malavara, lib- 
erala 

liberate, liberigi 

library, biblioteko 

libretto, libreto 

license, permeso 

lick, leki 

lie, kuSi, mensogi 

lieutenant, leiitenanto 

life, vivo 

lift, levi 

light, lumo, malpeza 

lightning, fulmo 

lighthouse, lumturo 

like, Sati 

like, simila, tiel 

likely, eble, verSajne 

lilac, siringo 

lily, lilio 

limb, membro, branéo 

lime, kalko 

limit, limo 

limp, lami . 

line, linio 

linen, tolo, tolajo 

lion, leono 

lip, lipo 

liquid, fluida 

liquidate, likvidi 

liquor, likvoro 

liquorice, glicirizo 

list, registro 

listen, atiskulti 

literature, literaturo 

lithograph, litografi 

liter, ltro 


103 


little, malgranda, eta, 
malmulte, iom 

liturgy, liturgio 

live, vivi, lofi 

liver, hepato 

lizard, lacerto 

lo! jen ! 

load, Sar@i, Sargi 

loaf, bulkego 

loan, prunto 

lobster, omaro 

locality, loko 

lock, Slosi, seruro, buk- 
lo, kluzo 

lockjaw, tetano 

locomotive, lokomotivo 

log, Stipo 

logic, logiko 

loins, lumbo 

lone, sola 

long, longa 

look, rigardi, seréi 

looking-glass, spegulo 

loom, teksilo 

loosen, ellasi 

Lord, the, la Sinjoro 

lose, perdi, malgajni 

lot, sorto, kvanto 

lots, cast, loti 

lottery, loterio 

loud, laitita 

louse, pediko 

love, ami 

low, malalta, mallaita 

lower, mallevi 

lowly, humila 


104 


loyal, fidela 

luck, Sanco, bonSanco 
lull, luli 

lung, pulmo 


macadam, makadamo 
macaroni, makaroni 
machine, maSino 
madam, sinjorino 
magazine,revuo, gazeto 
magic, magio 
magnet, magneto 
mahogany, mahogono 
mail, poSto 
maize, maizo 
majestic, majesta 
major, majoro 
majority, plimulto 
make, fari 
male, viro 
malicious, malica 
man, homo, viro 
manage, administri 
mania, manio 
manifesto, manifesto 
manifold, multenombra 
manner, maniero 
manufacture, fabriki 
manure, sterko 
many, multe, 
multo 
marble, marmoro 
March, Marto 


multaj, 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 





lute, liuto 
Lutheran, luterano 
luxury, lukso 
lyre, liro 


march, mar$i 
margin, marfeno 
marguerite, lekanto 
marine, mara 
mark, signo, 
marko 
marquis, markezo 
marriage,edzeco,edzifo 
marsh, mar€o 
marshal, marSalo 
martyr, martiro 
mask, masko 
mast, masto 
master, majstro 
masticate, mati 
mat, mato 
match, alumeto 
material, materialo 
matter, materio, puso 
mattress, matraco 
mature, matura 
maxim, maksimo 
maximum, maksimumo 
May, Majo 
mayor, urbestro 
mazurka, mazurko 
me, min, mi 
meal, faruno, man?o 


stampo, 


Linglish-Esperanto Vocabulary 


mean, meza, signifi 

measles, morbilo 

measure, mezuri 

meat, viando 

medal, medalo 

medicine 
medicino 

meditate, mediti 

medium, meza, 
umo 

meet, renkonti 

melancholy, melanko- 
lio 

melody, melodio 

melon, melono 

melt, fluidigi, degeli 

memory, memoro 

menace, minaci 

mend, fliki 

mention, citi 

mercury, hidrargo 

mere, nura 

meridian, meridiano 

merit, meriti 

_mesh, ma§so 

message, depe$o 

Messiah, Mesio 

metal, metalo 

meteor, meteoro 

method, metodo 

meter, metro, mezurilo 

microbe, mikrobo 

middle, meza 

mien, mieno 

might, povo 

migrate, migri 


kuracilo, 


medi- 


105 


mild, milda 
milk, lakto, melki 
mill, muelilo 
millet, milio 
million, miliono 
mind, animo, spirito, 
obei, atenti, zorgi 
mine, mia, mian 
mine, mino 
mineral, mineralo 
minister, pastro, min- 
istro 
mint, mento 
minute, minuto, noto 
mirror, spegulo 
miserly, avara 
misery, mizero 
misprint, preseraro 
miss, fratlino 
mission, misio 
Mister, Sinjoro 
mix, miksi 
moan, femi 
mock, moki 
mode, modo 
model, modelo 
moderate, modera 
modern, moderna 
modest, modesta 
modulate, moduli 
Mohammedan, maho- 
metano 
moment, momento 
monarch, monarho 
Monday, lundo 
money, money 


106 


money-order, mandato 
mongrel, hibrida 
monkey, simio 
monograph, monografo 
monogram, monogramo 
monologue, monologo 
monomania, monoma- 
nio 
monopoly, monopolo 
monster, monstro 
month, monato 
monument, monumento 
mood, humoro, modo 
moon, luno 
morala, morala 
morals, moro, etiko 
more, pli multe, pli, plu 
more, the, ju pli....des 
pli 
morning, mateno 
mortgage, hipoteko 
mosiac, mozaiko 
mosquito, moskito 
moss, musko 
most, plej, plej multe 
moth, tineo 
mother, patrino 
motion, movo 
motive, motivo 
motto, moto 
mouldy, Sima 
mountain, monto 
mouse, muso 
moustache, lipharoj 
mouth, buSo 
move, movi 


Luglish-Esperanto Vocabulary 


mow, falti 
much, multe, 
mud, koto, Slimo 
muff, mufo 
mulberry, moruso 
mule, mulo 
multiply, multigi, mul- 
tipliki 
mummy, mumo 
municipal, urba 
murder, mortigi 
murmur, murmuri 
muscle, muskolo 
muse, muzo, revi 
museum, muzeo 
mushroom, fungo 
music, muziko 
musket, muskedo 
muslin, muslino 
must, devas, devegas 
mustard, mustardo 
musty, Sima 
mute, muta, mutulo 
mutiny, ribelo 
mutter, murmuri 
mutton, Safajo 
mutual, reciproka 
muzzle, buSumo 
my, mia, mian 
myriad, miriado 
myrrh, mirho 
myrtle, mirto 
mystery, mistero 
mystify, mistifiki 
myth, mito 
mythology, mitologio 


to’ 





English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


nail, najli, ungo 
naive, naiva 
naked, nuda 
name, nomo 
nankeen, nankeno 
narrate, rakonti 
narrow, mallarga 
nasal, naza 
nation, nacio 
naturally, nature, kom- 
preneble 
nature, naturo 
naught, nulo 
nausea, naiizo 
nay, ne 
near, proksima, apud 
nearly, preskati 
necessary, necesa 
neck, kolo 
necktie, kravato 
need, bezoni 
neither, nek 
nephew, nevo 
nerve, nervo 
neuter, neitra 
neutral, neiitrala 
never, neniam 
nevertheless, tamen 
new, nova 
newspaper, jurnalo 
nice, agrabla 
nickel, nikelo 
nicotine, nikotino 


107 


niece, nevino 

night, nokto 

nine, nati 

noble, nobla 

nobleman, nobelo 

nobody, neniu 

no, no 

noise, bruo 

nomad, nomado 

nominative,nominativo 

none, neniom 

noon, tagmezo 

nor, nek 

normal, normala 

north, nordo 

nose, nazo 

nostril, naztruo 

not, ne 

notary, notario 

note, noti, rimarki, bilo 

nothing, nenio 

notice, rimarki, avizo 

notify, sciigi, avizi 

noun, substantivo 

novel, romano 

November, Novembro 

now, nun 

nowhere, nenie, 

nude, nuda 

number, nombro, 
mero 

nurse, varti, flegi 

nut, nukso 


nu- 


108 


oak, kverko 

oar, remilo 

Oasis, 0azo 

oath, juro 

oatmeal, grio 

obelisk, obelisko 

obey, obei 

object, celo, objekto 

object, kontraiiparoli 

obligation, devo 

oblige, devigi, fari kom- 
plezon 

oblique, oblikva 

observe, rimarki 

obstinate, obstina 

obstruct, obstrukci 

obtain, ricevi, akiri 

obtrude, trudi 

occasion, okazo 

occupy, okupi 

occur, okazi 

ocean, oceano 

October, Oktobro 

ocular, okula 

odd, stranga, nepara 

ode, odo 

odor, odoro 

of, de, da 

offend, ofendi 

offer, proponi, prezenti 

office, ofico 

often, ofte 

oh! ho! 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


oil, oleo 

old, malnova, antikva, 
maljuna 

Olive, olivo 

omen, antaiisigno 

omnibus, omnibuso 

omnipotent, Ciopova 

on, sur 

once, unufoje 

one, unu 

onion, bulbo 

only, nur 

onward, antaiien 

onyx, onikso 

opal, opalo 

open, malfermi 

opera, opero 

opera-glass, lorneto 

operate, operacii, funk- 
cli 

opinion, opinio 

opium, opio 

opponent, kontraiiulo 

opportune, fustatempa 

opportunity, okazo 

oppress, subpremi 

optics, optiko 

optimism, optimismo 

opulent, ri¢a 

or, ati 

oracle, orakolo 

orange, oranfo 

ordain, ordeni 


aot wie. 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


order, mendi, ordoni 
organ, organo, orgeno 
orient, oriento 
ornament, ornami 
orphan, orfo 
orthodox, ortodoksa 
orthography, ortografio 
ostrich, struto 

other, alia 

ought, devas 

ounce, unco 

our, nia 

out, el, ekster 

outline, skizo, konturo 
outside, ekster, -a, -e 
oval, ovala 


pack, paki 
package, pakajo 
pad, vati 

pagoda, pagodo 
pail, sitelo 

pain, doloro 

paint, pentri, kolori 
pair, paro 

palace, palaco 
palate, palato 
palatable, bongusta 
pale, pala, paligi 
palm, palmo, manplato 
paltry, triviala 
pamper, dorloti 


109 


Ovary, ovujo 

oven, forno 

over, super 

overcome, venki 

overhead, supre 

overtake, atingi 

overthrow, renversi 

overturo, uverturo, pro- 
pono 

owe, Suldi 

owl, strigo,gufo,cikumo 

Own, propra, posedi 

ox, bovo 

oxygen, oksigeno 

oxide, oksido 

oyster, ostro 


pamphlet, pamfleto 
panic, paniko 
pantaloons, pantalono 
panther, pantero 
pantomime, pantomimo 
papa, pacjo 

paper, papero 
papyrus, papiruso 
parade, paradi 
paradise, paradizo 
paradox, paradokso 
parasol, sunombrelo 
parchment, pergameno 
pardon, pardoni 

pare, senSeligi 


Ito 


parents, gepatroj 
park, parko 
parliament, parlamento 
parody, parodio 
parrot, papago 
parsimony, parcimonio 
parsley, petroselo 
parsnip, pastinako 
parson, pastro 
part, parto, porcio 
participate, partopreni 
participle, participo 
partition, divido 
partridge, perdriko 
party, partio 
pass, pasi 
passenger, vojafanto 
passion, pasio, manio 
passive, pasiva 
passport, pasporto 
past, estinta 
paste, pasto 
pasteboard, kartono 
pastel, paStelo 
pastille, pastelo 
pastor, pastro 
pastoral, kampara, pas- 
toralo 
patch, fliki 
patent, patento 
paternal, patra 
pathos, patoso 
patience, pacienco 
patriarch, patriarko 
patriot, patrioto 
patrol, patrolo 


_ English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


pause, paiizo 
pavement, pavimo 
pavilion, pavilion 
pay, pagi 

pea, pizo 

peace, paco 

peach, persiko 
peacock, pavo 

peak, pinto 

pear, piro 

pearl, perlo 

pedal, pedalo 
pedant, pedanto 
peddle, kolporti 
pedestal, piedestalo 
peel, Selo 

pelt, felo 

pen, plumo 

penalty, puno 
penchant, inklino, emo 
pendulum, pendolo 
penetrate, penetri 
penitent, penta 
penny, penco 
pension, pensio 
penurious, avara 
peony, peonio 
people, popoli, homoj 
pepper, pipro 
percentage, procento 
perch, perko 
perfect, perfekta 
perform, fari, plenumi 
perfume, parfumo 
perhaps, eble 

peril, danferego 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


period, periodo, punkto 
perish, perei 
perjury, jurrompo 
permit, permesi 
perpetual, Ciama, eterna 
persevere, persisti 
person, persono 
perspire, Sviti 
perverse, kontratia 
pest, pesto 
pestle, pistilo 
pet, dorloti 
petition, petskribo 
petroleum, petrolo 
phantom, fantomo 
pharmacy, farmacio 
pharynx, faringo 
phase, fazo 
pheasant, fazano 
phenomenon, fenomeno 
philanthropist, filan- 
tropo 
philately, filatelo 
philosopher, filozofo 
philosophy, filozofio 
phlegm, flegmo 
phoenix, fenikso 
phonetic, fonetika 
phonograph, fonografo 
phosphorus, fosforo 
photograph, fotografi 
piano, fortepiano 
picture, pentrajo, foto- 
grafajo 
pie, pasteéo 
piece, peco 


Iit 


pig, porko 

pigeon, kolombo 
pigmy, pigmeo 

pile, staplo, amaso 
pilgrim, pilgrimanto 
pill, pilolo 

pillar, kolono 

pillow, kapkuseno 
pilot, piloto, gvidanto 
pimple, akno 

pin, pinglo 

pinch, pin¢i 

pine, pino, konifero 
pineapple, ananaso 
pinnacle, pinto 
pioneer, pioniro 
pious, pia 

pirate, pirato 

pistol, pistolo 

pit, partero, fosajo,kavo 
pitch, peéo 

pity, kompato, domago 
pivot, pivoto 
placard, afiSo 

place, loko 

placid, kvieta 

plain, senornama,nebela 
plait, plekti 

plan, plano 

plane, raboti 

planet, planedo 
plank, tabulo 

plant, planti 

plate, telero 
platinum, plateno 
play, ludi, teatrafo 


Ii2 


pleasant, plata 
plenty, sufi¢a 
pliable, fleksebla 
plot, konspiri, komploto 
plow, plugi 
pluck, kurago 
plum, pruno 
plump, dika 
plural, multenombra 
plush, pluSo 
pocket, poSo 

pod, Selo 

poem, poemo 

poet, poeto 

point, punkto 
poison, veneno 
pole, stango, poluso 
police, polico 
polish, poluri 
polite, fentila 
politics, politiko 
polyp, polipo 
pomade, pomado 
pomgranate, granato 
pompous, pompa 
pond, lageto 
poniard, ponardo 
poodle, pudelo 
pope, papo 

poplar, poplo 
popular, populara 
porcelain, porcelano 
porcupine, histriko 
pore, poro 

pork, porkajo 
porphyry, porfiro 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


port, haveno 

portion, porcio, parto 

portrait, portreto 

positive, pozitiva 

possess, posedi 

possible, ebla 

post, fosto 

post card, poStkarto 

poster, afiSo 

pot, poto 

potash, potaso 

potato, terpomo 

potency, potenco 

poultice, kataplasmo 

pound, pisti, bategi, 
funto, livro 

pour, verSi, Suti 

powder, pulvo, pulvoro, 
pudro 

power, povo, potenco 

practical, praktika 

practice, kutimo 

prairie, herbejo, stepo 

praise, laiidi 

prattle, babili 

pray, pre@i 

preach, prediki 

precentor, kantoro 

precise, preciza, fusta 

prefer, preferi 

prefix, prefikso 

pregnant, graveda 

prejudice, antaiijugo 

premium, premio 

prepare, prepari 

preposition, prepozicio 


He as 
7 oo oe 


LEnglish-Esperanto Vocabulary 


presbyter, presbitero 
prescription, recepto 
present, donaci,prezenti 
preserve, konfiti 
preside, prezidi 
press, premilo, presilo 
pretext, preteksto 
pretty, beleta 
previous, antaitia 
price, prezo 

prick, piki 

priest, pastro 
prince, princo 
principal, precipa 
principle, principo 
print, presi 

prison, karcero 
private, privata 
privilege, privilegio 
prize, premio 

probe, sondi, esplori 
problem, problemo 
proboscis, rostro 
proceed, procedi 
procession, procesio 
proclaim, proklami 
procure, akiri 
prodigal, malSpara 
produce, produkti 
profess, profesi 
profession, profesio 
professor, profesoro 
proficient, kompetenta 
profile, profilo 
profit, profito, gajno 
progeny, ido, idaro 


113 


proletarian, proletario 
promenade, promeni 
promise, promesi 
promptly, tuj, @usta- 
tempe 
pronoun, pronomo 
pronounce, elparoli 
proof, pruvo, provo 
propaganda, propagan- 
do 
property, posedafo 
prophet, profeto 
proportion, proporcio 
proposal, propono 
pro rata, proporcie 
prose, prozo 
prosper, prosperi 
protect, protekti 
protest, protesti 
proud, fiera 
prove, pruvi 
proverbo, proverb 
provide, provizi 
province, provinco 
provision, provizajo 
provisional, provizora 
provoke, incite 
proximity, proksimeco 
prudent, prudenta 
prune, sekpruno 
Prussian, pruso 
psalm, psalmo 
public, publika 
publish, eldoni, publik- 
igi 
pull, tiri 


114 English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


puritan, puritano 
purple, purpnro 
purpose, celo, intenco 
purse, monujo 


pulley, rulbloko 
pulse, pulso 
pump, pumpi 
pumpkin, kukurbo 


punch (drink), punto pus, puso 
punctuate, interpunkcii push, puSi 
puncture, trapiki putrid, putra 


putty, mastiko 
puzzle, enigmo 
pyramid, piramido 
python, pitono 


° , 


queer, stranga 


punish, puni 

pupil, lernanto, pupilo 
purchase, a€eti 

pure, pura, virta, Gasta 


quack, anasbleki, ¢ar- 


latano 


quadrant, kvadranto 


quadrille, kvadrilo 
quail, koturno 
quality, kvalito, eco 
quantity, kvanto 
quartet, kvarteto 
queen, refino 


rabbi, rabeno 
rabbit, kuniklo 
radius, radiuso 
raft, floso 

rag, Cifono 
ragamuffin, bubo 
rail, relo 
railroad, fervojo 
rain, pluvo 
rainbow, Cielarko 


question, demando 
quick, rapida 
quiet, kvieta 
quill, plumo 

quit, lasi 

quite, tute 

quoin, kojno 
quote, citi 


rake, rasti 

rank, vico, rango 
rape, perforto 
rapid, rapida 
raspberry, frambo 
rat, rato 

rate, procento 
rather, pli volonte 
reach, atingi 

read, legi 


_ +A 
tts Oa 


LEnglish-Esperenio Vocabulary 


readily, volonte, facile 

ready, preta 

real, vera. reala 

really, vere, efektive 

ream, rismo 

reap, rikolti 

reason, rezoni 

rebate, rabato 

rebel, ribeli 

rebuke, ripro¢ti 

rebut, refuti 

receipt, kvitanci 

receipts, enspezoj 

receive, ricevi 

recently, antati nelonge 

recite, rakonti, deklami 

recognize, rekoni 

recommend, rekomendi 

recompense,  rekom- 
penci 

recount, rakonti 

recruit, rekruto 

red, rufa 

reduce, malpliigi 

reed, kano 

reef, rifo 

reflect, rebrili, pripensi 

refuge, take, rifugi 

refund, repagi, redoni 

refuse, rifuzi 

refute, refuti 

regale, regali 

regard, rigardi 

regarding, pri 

region, regiono 

register, registri 


Tis 


regret, bedatri 
regulation, regulo 
reject, rifuzi 

rejoice, Zoji 

relate, rakonto 
relation, rilato, parenco 
religion, religio 
rely, konfidi 
remain, resti 
remark, rimarki 
remedy, rimedo 
remember, memori 
remote, malproksima 
render, redoni 

rent, lui 

repair, ripari 
repeat, ripeti 

report, raporti 
repose, ripozi 
represent, reprezenti 
reproach, riproéi 
reproduce, reprodukti 
republic, respubliko 
reputation, reputacio 
request, peti 
require, postuli, bezoni 
rescue, savi 
research, esploro 
resemble, simili 
reserve, rezervi 
resist, kontraiistari 


“resolute, decida 


respect, respekti 


’ respond, respondi 


rest, paiizo, resti, ripozi 
restaurant, restoracio 


116 


result, rezulti, rezultato 


retain, gardi, teni 

retina, retino 

retort, respondi 

return, redoni, reveni 

revenge, revenfo 

review, revuo, parado 

revolt, ribelo 

revolution, revolucio 

reward, rekompenco 

rheumatism, _reiima- 
tismo 

rhinoceros, rinocero 

rhubarb, rabarbo 

rhyme, rimo 

rythm, ritmo 

rib, ripo 

ribbon, rubando 

rice, rizo 

rich, riéa 

ride, rajdi 

ridiculous, ridinda 

rifle, pafilo 

right, rajto, fuste, dek- 
stra, rekta, prava 

righteous, justa 

rim, rando 

ring, ringo, rondo 

ringlet, buklo 

rise, levifi 

risk, riski 

rival, konkuri 

river, rivero 

road, vojo 

roam, vagi 

roar, mufi, blekegi 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


rob, rabi 

robe, vesti, robo 
robust, fortika 
rock, roko 

rogue, fripono 
roll, ruli, ruligi, bulko 
roof, tegmento 
rook, frugilego 
room, Cambro 
rooster, koko 
root, radiko 
rope, Snuro 

rose, rozo 

rosin, kolofono 
rot, putri 

rouble, rublo 
round, ronda 
rouse, veki, eksciti 
route, vojo 

row, remi, vico 
rub, froti 

ruby, rubeno 
rude, malfentila 
ruin, fuino 

rule, regi, regulo 
run, kuri 

rum, rumo 

rural, kampara 
ruse, ruzo 

rush, kuregi 
rush, junko 
Russia, Ruslando 
Russian, ruso 
rust, rusti 
ruthless, senkompata 
rye, sekalo 


dinglish-lesperanio Vocabulary 117 


sack, sako 
sacred, sankta 
sacrifice, oferi 
saddle, selo 
sagacious, sagaca 
sage, salvio, saga 
sail, velo, 

salad, salato 
salary, salajro 
sale, vendo 
saline, sala 
salmon, salmo 
salt, salo 

salute, saluti 
same, sama 
sample, specimeno 
sanction, sankcii 
sand, sablo 

sane, racia 
sanitary, higiena 
sarcasm, sarkasmo 
sardine, sardine 
Sardinian, sardo 
Satan, Satano 
satin, atlaso 
satire, satiro 
saturate, saturi 
Saturday, sabato 
sauce, satico 
sausage, kolbaso 
savage, sovaga 
save, savi, $pari 
saw, segi 


Say, diri 
scab, skabio 
scaffold, eSafodo 
scald, brogi 
scale, skalo, skvamo 
scales, pesilo 
scandal, skandalo 
Scandinavian, skandi- 
navo 
scar, cikatro 
scarcely, apenaii 
scarf, skarpo 
scarlatina, skarlatino 
scarlet, skarlato 
scent, odoro 
scheme, projekto 
science, scienco 
scissors, tondilo 
score, dudeko 
Scotchman, skoto 
scoundrel, kanajlo 
scourge, skur®i 
scrape, skrapi 
scratch, grati 
screen, Sirmilo 
screw, Sratibo 
scrofula, skrofolo 
sculpture, skulpti 
sea, maro 
seal, sigeli, foko 
search, ser¢i 
seashore, marbordo 
season, sezono 


118 


seat, sefo, sidifi, sidigi 

second, sekundo, dua 

secret, sekreto 

secrete, ka$i 

sect, sekto 

section, sekcio, parto 

secular, neeklezia 

sediment, fe@o 

seduce, delogi 

see, vidi 

seed, semo 

seek, seréi 

seem, Sajni 

seemly, deca 

seize, ekkapti 

select, elekti 

self, selves, mem 

sell, vendi 

semicolon, punktokomo 

seminary, seminario 

senate, senato 

senator, senatano 

send, sendi 

sense, _ sento, 
racio, safeco 

sensible, saga 

sensual, voluptema 

sentence, ju@i, kon- 
damni, frazo 

separate, aparta 

September, Septembro 

seraph, serafo 

serenade, serenado 

serene, trankvila 

sergeant, sergento 

series, serio 


senco, 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


serious, serioza 

sermon, prediko _ 

serpent, serpento 

servant, servisto 

servile, sklava 

seven, sep 

several, kelkaj, multaj, 
diversaj 

severe, severa 

sew, kudri 

sex, sekso 

shade, nuanco, ombrafo 

shaft, timono 

shake, Sanceli, skui, 
tremi 

shame, honto 

shape, formo 

share, dividi, akcio, 
parto, porcio, parto- 
preni 

shark, Sarko 

sharp, akra 

shatter, frakasi 

shave, razi 

shawl, Salo 

she, $i 

sheaf, garbo 

shear, tondi 

sheath, ingo 

sheep, Safo 

shelf, breto 

shell, Selo 

shepherd, paStisto 

shield, Sildo, Sirmi 

shilling, Silingo 

shine, brili 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary “119 


shingle, Sindo 
ship, Sipo 

shirt, Gemizo 
shock, frapo 
shoe, Suo 

shoot, pafi 
shore, marbordo 
should, devas 
shoulder, Sultro 
shove, Sovi 
shovel, Soveli 
show, montri 
shrewd, sagaca 
shun, eviti 

shut, fermi 

sick, malsana 
side, flanko 
siege, siefo 

sift, kribri 

sign, signo, subskribi 
signal, signalo 
signify, signifi 
silence, silento 
silk, silko 
silver, arfento 
similar, simila 
simple, simpla 
sin, peko 

since, Gar, de tiam 
sincere, sincera 
sinew, tendeno 
sing, kanti 
single, unuobla — 
singular, stranga 
sir, sinjoro 
siren, sireno 


sister, fratino 
sit, sidi 
situation, situacio, ofico 
six, ses 

sixteen, dekses 
sixty, sesdek 
size, grandeco 
skate, gliti 
sketch, skizi 
skillful, lerta 
skin, hatito 
skirt, jupo 

skull, kranio 
sky, Cielo 
slander, kalumnii 
slang, slango 
slanting, oblikva 
slate, ardezo 


' slave, sklavo 


sleek, glata 
sleep, dormi 
sleeve, maniko 
slender, maldika 
slide, gliti 
slipper, pantoflo 
slime, Slimo 
slit, fendo 
slope, deklivo 
smear, Smiri 
smell, flari, odori 
smile, rideti 
smock, kitelo 
smoke, fumi 
smooth, glata, ebena 
smother, sufoki 
snail, limako 


120 


snake, serpento 

snare, kaptilo 

sneeze, terni 

snore, ronki 

snow, nego 

so, tiel, tia, tiom 

soap, sapo 

sober, sobra 

social, sociala, socia 

socialism, socialismo 

soda, sodo 

sofa, sofo 

soft, mola 

soil, tero 

solar, suna 

solder, luti 

soldier, soldato 

sole, sola 

solemn, solena 

solid, fortika, firma 

soliloquy, monologo 

solution, solvo 

solve, solvi 

some, _ kelkaj, 
iom, ia 

somebody, iu 

somebody’s, ies 

somehow, iel 

something, io 

somewhat, iom 

somewhere, ie 

son, filo 

sonata, sonato 

song, kanto 

soon, baldat 

soot, fulgo 


kelke, 


English- Esperanto Vocabulary 


soprano, soprano 

sorrel, okzalo 

sort, speco 

soul, animo 

sound, sono, sondi 

soup, supo 

sour, acida 

source, fonto, deveno 

south, sudo 

sow, porkino 

sow, semi 

space, spaco, daiiro 

spade, fosilo 

spade (cards), piko 

spare, indulgi 

sparrow, pasero 

speak, paroli 

species, speco 

specter, fantomo 

speculate, spekulacii 

speed, rapideco 

spell, silabi 

spend, elspezo 

sphere, sfero 

sphinx, sfinkso 

spice, spico 

spider, araneo | 

spill, disver$i, dis$uti 

spin, Spini 

spine, spino 

spirit, spirito, animo, 
fantomo, energio, al- 
koholo 

spiritualism, spiritual- 
ismo 

spit, krati 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


spite, malamo 

spite of, in, spite 

splash, Spruci, plaiidi 

split, fendi 

spoil, difekti, malbon- 
igi, malbonif#i 

spoke, radio 

sponge, spongo 

spoon, kulero 

spoonful, plenkulero 

spring, salti, printempo, 
risorto, fonto 

spur, sprono 

Spy, spiono 

squad, ta¢mento 

squadron, skadro(mil. ) 
eskadro (naval) 

Square, kvadrato 

squint; strabi 

squirrel, sciuro 

stab, pikegi 

stable, @evalejo 

staff, stango, stabo 

stage, scenejo 

stain, makulo 

Stair, Stuparo 

stake, paliso, fosto 

stall, budo, stalo 

stamin, stameno 

stammer, balbuti 


stamp, stampi, poSt- 
marko 

stand, stari 
standard,  standardo, 
modelo 


star, stelo 


121 


starboard, dekstro 

stato, etato, stato 

statue, statuo 

stature, kresko 

statute, regulo, lefo 

stay, resti 

steak, steko, bifsteko 

steal, Steli 

steam, vaporo 

steel, Stalo 

steep, kruta 

steer, direkti, bovo 

stenography, stenogra- 
fio 

step, Stupo, pa$i 

step- (relation), duon- 

stereotype, stereotipo, 
kli$i 

sterile, senfrukta 

stick, bastono 

stick, glui 

stiff, rigida 

stifle, sufoki 

still, trankvila, kvieta, 
tamen, ankorati, sen- 
mova, distililo 

stir, movi 

stitch, stebi 

stocking, Strumpo 

stoical, stoika 

stomach, stomako 

stone, Stono 

stool, skabelo 

stop, halti, haltigi, Gesi 

store, provizo, maga- 
zeno, butiko 


122 


story, historio, fabelo, 
etafo 

stout (fat), dika 

stove, forno 

straight, rekta 

strain, stre¢i, kribri 

strait, markolo 

strand, fadeno 

strange, stranga 

stratum, tavolo 

straw, pajlo 

strawberry, frago 

streak, streko 

stream, rivero, rivereto 

street, strato 

street-car, tramveturilo 

stretch, streti 

strict, severa 

strike, frapi, striko 

string, Snureto 

stringent, severa, dra- 
kona 

strip, strio 

stripe, streko 

stroll, promeni 

structure, strukturo 

struggle, barakti 

strut, paradi 

strychnine, striknino 

student, studento 

studious, lernema 

study, lerni 

stuff, Stofo, plenigi 

style, stilo, modo, faso- 
no 

stylish, moda 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


subject, temo, subjekto, 
regato, regnano 
submarine, submara 
subscribe, aboni, sub- 
skribi, monoferi 
subsequently, sekve, 
poste 
substitute, anstataii 
subterfuge, artifiko 
succeed, sukcesi 
such, tia 
sue, procesi 
suffix, sufikso 
suffrage, vo€dono 
sugar, sukero 
suit, konveni, kompleto 
sulphur, sulfuro 
sum, sumo 
summer, somero 
summit, supro 
sumptuous, luksa 
sun, suno 
Sunday, dimanéo 
superfluous, superflua 
superior, supera 
superstition, superstiéo 
supper, noktomango, 
vespermanfo 
supplement, aldono 
supply, provizi 
support, subteni 
suppress, subpremi 
surprise, surprizi 
suspect, suspekti 
swallow, gluti, hirundo 
swarm, svarmi 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 123 


swear, juri, blasfemi 
sweat, &viti 
Swede, svedo 
sweep, balai 

sweet, doléa, malacida 
swell, $veli 

swift, rapida 

swim, na@gi 

swing, svingi 
Swiss, sviso 
Swoon, sveni 
sword, glavo 
syllable, silabo 


table, tablo, tabelo 
tactics, taktiko 
taffeta, tafto 

tail, voSto 

tailor, tajloro 

take, preni 

tale, rakonto, fabelo 
talent, talento 

talk, paroli 

tall, alta 

tallow, sebo 
Talmud, talmudo 
tan, tani 

tar, gudro 

tariff, tarifo, imposto 
tart, acida, torto 
taste, gusto, gustumi 
tattoo, tatui 


symbol, simbolo 
symmetry, simetrio 
sympathy, simpatio 
symphony, simfonio 
symptom, simptomo 
synagogue, sinagogo 
syndicate, sindikato 
synod, sinodo 
synonym, sinonimo 
syntax, sintakso 
synthesis, sintezo 
syrup, siropo 
system, sistemo 


tax, taksi, imposto 

tea, teo 

teach, instrui 

tear, Siri 

tear, larmo 

teat, mampinto 

tedious, teda 

telegram, telegramo 

telephone, telefoni 

telescope, teleskopo 

tell, rakonti, diri 

temperature, tempera- 
turo 

tempest, ventego 

temple, templo, tempio 

tempt, tenti 

ten, dek 

tenant, luanto 


124 


tendon, tendeno 

tenor, tenoro 

tent, tendo 

term, templimo, termino 

terminate, fini 

terrace, teraso 

’ territory, teritorio 

terror, teruro . 

test, provi 

testament, testamento 

testify, atesti 

tetanus, tetano 

text, teksto 

textile, teksa 

than, ol 

thank, danki 

that, tio, tiu, kiu, ke 

thaw, degeli 

the, la 

theater, teatro 

their, ilia, sia 

them, ilin, ili 

theme, temo 

then, tiam, do, poste 

theology, theologio 

theory, teorio 

there, tie 

therefore, tial 

thermometer, 
metro 

they, ili 

thick, dika 

thief, Stelisto 

thigh, femuro 

thing, io, ajo 

think, pensi 


termo- 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


thirst, soifo 
this, tio ¢@i, tiu ¢i 
thistle, kardo 
thorn, dorno 
thou, ci, vi 
though, kvankam 
thrash, dra$i 
thread, fadeno 
threaten, minaco 
three, tri 
threshold, sojlo 
thrill, vibri, eksciti 
throat, gorfo 
throne, trono 
throng, amaso 
through, tra 
throw, jeti 
thrush, turdo 
thumb, dika fingro 
thunder, tondri 
Thursday, jatido 
thus, tiel, tiamaniere 
thy, ci, via 
thyme, timiano 
ticket, bileto 
tickle, tikli 

tide, tajdo 

tie, ligi, kravato 
tier, vico 

tiger, tigro 

till, fis 

time, tempo 

tin, stano 

tinkle, tinti 
tipple, drinki 
tipsy, ebria 


At. 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 125 


tire, lacifi, tedi, enui 
title, titolo 

to, al 

toad, bufo 

toast, toasto 
tobacco, tabako 
today, hodiati 
toe, piedfingro 
tolerate, toleri 
tomato, tomato 
tomb, tombo 
tomorrow, morgati 
tone, tono 
tongue, lango 
too, tro 

tool, ilo 

tooth, dento 
top, supro, pinto 
topaz, topazo , 
topic, temo 
torch, toréo 
torment, turmenti 
torpedo, torpedo 
torrent, torento 
torrid, varmega 
tortoise, testudo 
toss, jeti 

total, tuto 
totter, Sanceli 
touch, tuSi, palpi 
tow, stupo 
toward, al 
towel, viSilo 
tower, turo 
town, urbo 

toy, ludilo 


trace, postsigno 

track, vojo 

trade, negoci, komerci, 
metio 

tradition, tradicio 

tragedy, tragedio 

train, dresi, vagonaro, 
instrui 

trait, trajto 

traitorous, perfida 

transcribe, transskribi 

translate, traduki 

transparent, travidebla 

travel, veturi, voja@i 

tray, pleto 

treadle, pedalo 

treasure, trezoro 

treat, kuraci, 
trakti 

treaty, kontrakto, in- 
terkonsento 

tree, arbo 

triangle, triangulo 

tribe, gento 

trifle, bagatelo 

trill, trili 

trio, trio 

triumph, triumfo 

trivial, triviala 

trombone, trombono 

troop, bando, amaso 

tropic, tropiko 

trot, troti 

trough, trogo 

trousers, pantolono 

trout, truto 


regali, 


126 


trump, atuto, trumpo 

trunk, kesto,  kofro, 
trunko, rostro 

trust, konfidi, fidi 

try, peni, provi, atenci 

tub, kuvo 

tube, tubo 

tuber, tubero 

Tuesday, mardo 

tuft, tufo 

tulip, tulipo 

tumbler, glaso 

tumult, tumulto 

tune, agordi 

turf, torfo 

Turk, turko 


udder, mamo 

ugly, malbela 

ukase, ukazo 

ulcer, ulcero 
unbounded, senlima 
uncle, onklo 

under, sub 

undergo, suferi © 
underscore, substreki 
understand, kompreni 
undertake, entrepreni 
unexpected, neatendita 
unhappy, malfeliéa 
uniform, uniformo 
union, unuigo, unuifo 
unit, unuo 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


turkey, meleagro 

turn, turni, torni, vico 

turpentine, terebinto 

turquoise, turkiso 

turtle, testudo 

turtle-dove, turto 

twelve, dekdu 

twine, fadeno, Snureto 

twinkle, brileti 

twist, tordi 

twitter, pepi, ¢irpi 

two, du 

type, modelo, preslitero, 
tipo 

typhus, tifo 

tyrant, tirano 


universal, universala 
university, universitato 
unless, escepte ke 
until, fis 

unto, al 

unworthy, malinda 
upon, sur 

urge, uri 

urine, urino 

us, nin 

use, uZzi 

usual, kutima 
usurp, uzurpi 
utilize, utiligi 
utopia, utopio 
utterly, tute 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 127 


vacant, vakanta 


vacation, libertempo 


vaccinate, inokuli 
vain, vana, vanta 
vainly, vane 
valise, valizo 
valley, valo 
value, valoro 
valve, klapo 
vanilla, vanilo 
vanquish, venki 
vapor, vaporo 
variola, variolo 
various, diversa 
varnish, laki 
vase, vazo 
vaseline, vazelino 
vassal, vasalo 
vast, vasta 
vegetable, legomo 
vehicle, veturilo 
vein, vejno 
vellum, veleno 
velvet, veluro 
vengeance, vengo 
venom, veneno 
ventilate, ventoli 
venture, riski 
verb, verbo 
verdict, verdikto 
verse, verso 
vertical, vertikala 


very, tre 

vessel, Sipo, boato, ujo 
vest, veSto 

veteran, veterano 
vex, Gagreni 

vice, malvirto 
victory, venko 

view, vidi, vidajo 
vigilant, vigla 
village, vilago 
villain, kanajlo 
vinegar, vinagro 
violence, perforto 
violet, violo 

violin, violono 
virginal, virga 

virus, veneno 

vision, vido, aperajo 
visit, viziti 

vizage, vizago 
vizier, veziro 

voice, voéo 

volkano, vulkano 
volume, tomo, volumo 
voluptuous, voluptema 
vomit, vomi 

vote, baloti, voédoni 
vouch, garantii, atesti 
vow, promesi jure 
vowel, vokalo 
vulgar, vulgara 
vulture, vulturo 


128 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


w 


wad, vati 

wager, veti 

wages, salajro 
wagon, Sarfveturilo 
waist, talio 

wait, atendi, servi 
waiter, kelnero 
wake, veki 

walk, mar$i, promeni 
wall, muro 

walnut, juglando 
waltz, valso 
wander, vagi 
want, bezoni, manki 
ward, kvartalo 
warm, varma 
warn, averti 


wash, lavi 
watch, gardi, poShor- 
lofo 


water, akvo 
wave, ondo 

wax, vakso 

way, vojo, maniero 
we, ni 

wealth, riéeco 
wear, porti, eluzi 
weary, laca, enua 
weather, vetero 
wedge, kojno 
Wednesday, merkredo 


weed, sarki 
week, semajno 
weep, plori 
weigh, pezi, pesi 
welcome, bonveno 
well, nu, sana, bone, 
puto 
west, okcidento 
wet, malseka 
whale, baleno 
what, kia, kio 
wheat, tritiko 
wheel, rado 
when, kiam 
where, kie 
whether, ¢u 
which, kio, kiu 
while, dum 
whim, kaprico 
whip, vipo 
whiskers, vangharoj 
whisper, paroleti 
whistle, fajfi 
whist, visto 
white, blanka 
who, kiu 
whole, tuto, tuta 
wholesale, pogrande 
whom, kiun 
whose, kies 
why, kial 


English-Esperanto Vocabulary 


widower, vidvo 
wife, edzino 

wild, sovafa 
willful, obstina 

will, testamenti, voli 
willingly, volonte 
win, venki, gajni 
wind, vento 

wind, tordi, vindi, streti 
window, fenestro 
wine, vino 

wing, flugilo, flankajo 
wink, palpebrumi 
winter, vintro 

wipe, viSi 

wisdom, sao, safeco 
wish, deziri, voli 
wit, sprito 

without, sen 
witness, vidi, atesti 


yacht, yahto 

yard, korto, jardo 
yawn, oscedi 
year, jaro 

yearly, Ciujara 
yell, kriegi 
yellow, flava 

yes, jes 

yesterday, hierati 
yet, tamen, ankorat 


129 


wizard, soré@isto 
wolf, lupo 
woman, virino 
womb, utero 
wonder, miri 
woo, amindumi 
wool, lano 

word, vorto 

work, labori, verko 
world, monda 
worm, vermo 
worship, adori 
worth, valoro, indo 
wound, vundi 
wrap, kovri, volvi 
wreath, girlando 
wreck, Sippereo 
wretched, mizera 
wrinkle, sulko 
write, skribi, verki 


yew, taksuso 

yield, cedi, kapitulaci, 
produkti 

yoke, jugo 

you, vi 

young, juna, ido 

your, yours, via 

youth, junulo, juneco 

youthful, juna 

Yule, kristnasko 





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